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Ti2SnC MAX Phase Directly Synthesized by High-Temperature Ball Milling

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Abstract

For the first time, Ti2SnC powder was directly fabricated by high-temperature ball milling with Sn, Ti, and graphite as reactants and was compared with Ti2SnC formation by mechanical alloying and thermal treatment. Phase changes and microstructure of powder samples during milling and thermal treatment were evaluated by X-ray diffraction, high-resolution scanning electron microscopy, and transition electron microscopy. Results presented that TiC, Ti6Sn5, and Ti5Sn3 formed after 40 h of traditional milling, and finally, Ti2SnC with some impurities like TiC formed after thermal treatment. Because of the high-temperature ball milling, Ti5Sn3 and TiC were formed after 5 h of milling. When milling time reached 10 h, TiC and Ti5Sn3 reacted together and Ti2SnC was formed. According to the present work, the Ti2SnC formed at a lower temperature and time of milling in comparison to conventional mechanical alloying and heat treatment.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Al-Zahraa University for Women, Karbala, Iraq

    Eyhab Ali

  2. Al-Manara College for Medical Sciences, Amarah, Maysan, Iraq

    Shaymaa Abed Hussein

  3. College of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, Nasiriyah, Dhi Qar, Iraq

    Manal Morad Karim

  4. Al-Hadi University College, Baghdad, 10011, Iraq

    Alzahraa S. Abdulwahid

  5. Department of Engineering, Al-Nisour University College, Baghdad, Iraq

    Alaa A. Omran

  6. Department of Optics, College of Health and Medical Technology, Sawa University, Samawah, Al-Muthana, Iraq

    Safaa Mustafa Hameed

  7. Department of Radiology and Sonar Technologies, Al Rafidain University College, Baghdad, Iraq

    Esraa Adnan Abdullah

  8. Department of Computer Engineering, Technical Engineering College, Al-Ayen University, Nasiriyah, Thi-Qar, Iraq

    Adnan Hashim Abdulkadhim

  9. College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq

    Ahmed Alawadi

  10. College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University of Al Diwaniyah, Al Diwaniyah, Iraq

    Ahmed Alawadi

  11. College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq

    Ahmed Alawadi

  12. Department of Medical Laboratories Techniques, Imam Ja’afar Al‐Sadiq University, Baghdad, Al‐Muthanna, 66002, Iraq

    Ali Alsalamy

  13. Department of Materials Engineering and Metallurgy, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Arak, 38156-8-8349, Iran

    M. Zarezadeh Mehrizi

  14. Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Arak University, Arak, 38156-8-8349, Iran

    M. Zarezadeh Mehrizi

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  1. Eyhab Ali
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  2. Shaymaa Abed Hussein
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  3. Manal Morad Karim
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Correspondence to M. Zarezadeh Mehrizi.

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Ali, E., Hussein, S.A., Karim, M.M. et al. Ti2SnC MAX Phase Directly Synthesized by High-Temperature Ball Milling. Trans Indian Inst Met 77, 1729–1737 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12666-024-03273-4

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