Abstract
Recovery of valuable metals from used portable batteries is gaining widespread importance owing to the conservation of natural sources and possible environmental pollution from these batteries. In this paper, zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) recovery from waste zinc–carbon (Zn–C) batteries was investigated. For this purpose, two-stage leaching experiments were conducted in the laboratory. In the first stage, only sulfuric acid (H2SO4) solution was used, and in the second stage, ferrous ion (Fe2+) was added to the H2SO4 solution as a reducing agent. The burnt and wet sieved battery powder was obtained from manually disassembled waste Zn–C batteries. Particle size fraction of -75 + 53 µm battery powder contained 23.75% Zn and 48.47% Mn. Leaching experiments performed with a solid-to-liquid ratio of 4 g/L showed that Zn and Mn were leached with a recovery of 100% and 58.55%, respectively, using 400 rpm stirring speed, 0.25 M H2SO4 solution, and 70 °C temperature. Reductive leaching experiments showed that all of the Mn was recovered in 0.25 M H2SO4 solution using 3.6 × 10–2 M Fe2+ as a reducing agent at 60 °C temperature.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Linden D, in Handbook of Batteries. (eds) Linden D, and Reddy T B, McGraw-Hill Companies, New York (2002)
McComsey D W, in Handbook of Batteries. (eds) Linden D, and Reddy T B, McGraw-Hill Companies, New York (2002)
Kierkegaard S, Comput. Law Secur. Rev. 23 (2007) 357.
USGS, Zinc statistics and information, https://www.usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center/zinc-statistics-and-information, accessed 12 July 2022
USGS, Manganese statistics and information, https://www.usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center/manganese-statistics-and-information, accessed 11 July 2022
Ferella F, De Michelis I, Pagnanelli F, Beolchini F, Furlani G, Navarra M, Vegliò F, and Toro L, Acta Metall. Slovaca 12 (2006) 95.
Zhang W S, and Cheng C Y, Hydrometallurgy 89 (2007) 137.
Ferella F, De Michelis I, Beolchini F, Innocenzi V, and Vegliò F, Int. J. Chem. Eng. 2010 (2010) 1–13.
Khan M H, and Kurny A, Mater. Sci. Metal. Eng. 2 (2014) 1.
Sayilgan E, Kukrer T, Ferella F, Akcil A, Veglio F, and Kitis M, Hydrometallurgy 97 (2009) 73.
De Michelis I, Ferella F, Karakaya E, Beolchini F, and Vegliò F, J. Power Sources 172 (2007) 975.
Sayilgan E, Kukrer T, Yigit N O, Civelekoglu G, and Kitis M, J. Hazard. Mater. 173 (2010) 137.
Kursunoglu S, and Kaya M, Physicochem. Probl. Miner. Process. 50 (2014) 41.
Biswas R K, Karmakar A K, Kumar S L, and Hossain M N, Waste Manag. 46 (2015) 529.
Lannoo S, Vilas-Boas A, Sadeghi S M, Jesus J, and Soares H M, J. Clean. Prod. 236 (2019) 117612
Kim T H, Kang J G, Sohn J S, Rhee K I, Lee S W, and Shin S M, Met. Mater. Int. 14 (2008) 655.
Buzatu M, Săceanu S, Petrescu M I, Ghica G V, and Buzatu T, J. Power Sources 247 (2014) 612.
Morcali M H, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater. 22 (2015) 674.
Toro N, Rodríguez F, Rojas A, Robles P, and Ghorbani Y, Miner. Eng. 163 (2021) 106748
Das S C, Sahoo P K, and Rao P K, Hydrometallurgy 8 (1982) 35.
Kholmogorov A G, Zhyzhaev A M, Kononov U S, Moiseeva G A, and Pashkov G L, Hydrometallurgy 56 (2000) 1.
Bafghi M S, Zakeri A, Ghasemi Z, and Adeli M, Hydrometallurgy 90 (2008) 207.
Song B, Liu S, Dong X, Qiu X, and Hu Z, Russ. J. Non-Ferrous Metals 57 (2016) 85.
Ekmekyapar A, Demirkıran N, Künkül A, and Aktaş E, Braz. J. Chem. Eng. 32 (2015) 155.
Baba A A, Adekola A F, and Bale R B, J. Hazard. Mater. 171 (2009) 838.
He F, Gao L, Chen L, Rao B, Shen H, Peng K, and Gao G, Physicochem. Probl. Miner. Process 58 (2022) 146171
Ferella F, De Michelis I, and Vegliò F, J. Power Sources 183 (2008) 805.
Buzatu T, Popescu G, Birloaga I, and Săceanu S, Waste Manag. 33 (2013) 699.
Yuliusman, Amiliana RA, Wulandari PT, Huda M and Kusumadewi FA, Process optimization and leaching kinetics of zinc and manganese metals from zinc-carbon and alkaline spent batteries using citric acid reagent, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 333 (2018)
Sayilgan E, Kukrer T, Civelekoglu G, Ferella F, Akcil A, Veglio F, and Kitis M, Hydrometallurgy 97 (2009) 158.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Aras, A., Kıral, M.F. Sulfuric Acid Leaching of Zn and Mn from Waste Zn–C Batteries Using Fe2+ as Reductant. Trans Indian Inst Met 76, 3273–3279 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12666-023-02998-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12666-023-02998-y