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Climate Change and Emission Reduction Pathways for a Large Capacity Coal-Based Steel Sector: Implementation Issues

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Abstract

Following the international climate change policy and the major use of coal-based blast furnace–basic oxygen furnace (BF–BOF) in the steel sector, with an average emission of 2.0 t CO2/t steel, alternative processing routes must be considered to reduce the emission intensities. An approach of progressive amalgamation with alternative gas and renewable energy-based processes is indicated for a coal-based sector. The approach also retains coal use for major production with technology changes like smelting reduction technology, HISARNA with carbon capture and storage, or top gas recycling blast furnace. Combining renewable energy-based ‘green electrolytic hydrogen’ processes with/without natural gas with existing coal-based processing is an important option in achieving global climate change targets for emission reduction. Capacity limitations of alternative processing routes and high green hydrogen costs are hurdles to overcome in progressive amalgamation. An approach to redesigning mixed circuits for minimizing sectoral emissions involving BF–BOF with available scrap is presented.

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Abbreviations

2DS:

Two-Degree centigrade Scenario

45Q:

Internal Revenue Code of a tax credit incentivizing carbon capture and sequestration or utilization in the USA.

BAT:

Best Available Technology

BAU:

Business As Usual

CAGR:

Compounded Annual Growth Rate

CCS:

Carbon Capture and Storage

CCU:

Carbon Capture and Utilization

CCUS:

Carbon capture Utilization and Storage

DR:

Direct Reduction processes

DRI:

Direct Reduced Iron

DRI–EAF:

Direct Reduced Iron–Electric Arc Furnace process

ENERGION ZR:

HYL Direct Reduction Shaft furnace Technology jointly developed by Tenova and Danieli

EOR:

Enhanced Oil Recovery

EUA:

European Union Allowances

FINMET:

Fluidized bed iron ore reduction (VAI, Austria)

FIOR:

Fluidized bed Iron Ore Reduction ESSO Research, USA

FINEX:

A two-stage SR process incorporating fluid bed reduction and smelting

HISARNA:

High-intensity iron making (SR process)

HISMELT:

High-intensity smelting (SR process)

HOGANAS:

Coal-based solid-state ironmaking process in tunnel kiln

HYBRIT:

Hydrogen Breakthrough Ironmaking Technology

HYL, MIDREX:

Direct reduction gas-based shaft furnace technologies

IEAGHG:

International Energy Association Green House Gas Emission

INMETCO:

International Metals Reclamation Company, Inc

ITmk3:

Ironmaking Technology Marked three, third-generation ironmaking

MDEA:

Methyl Di-Ethanol Amine

MEA:

Mono-Ethanol Amine

MTPA:

Million Tons Per Annum

MXCOl:

Direct reduction with coal gasification

NDC:

Nationally Determined Contributions

PCI:

Pulverized Coal Injection

RHF:

Rotary Hearth Furnace

RK:

Rotary kiln

SALCOS:

Salzgitter Low CO2 Steelmaking

SR:

Smelting Reduction

TGR-BF:

Top Gas Recycling Blast Furnace

THM:

Metric Tons of Hot Metal

TPA:

Metric tons per annum

ULCOS:

Ultra-low CO2 Steelmaking

WSA:

World Steel Association

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  1. Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, WB, 721 302, India

    Prodip Kumar Sen & Gour Gopal Roy

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Sen, P.K., Roy, G.G. Climate Change and Emission Reduction Pathways for a Large Capacity Coal-Based Steel Sector: Implementation Issues. Trans Indian Inst Met 75, 2453–2464 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12666-022-02622-5

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