Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Effect of Lanthanum and Cerium on Inclusions in GCr15 Bearing Steel

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

To investigate the effect of La-Ce on inclusions in GCr15 bearing steel and its modification mechanism, relevant industrial tests were carried out. The results show that the typical inclusions in GCr15 bearing steel were long strip MnS and irregular Al2O3. At 1600 °C, with increasing La-Ce content, the transformation sequence of inclusions was Al2O3 → REAlO3 → RE2O3 → RE2O2S → RE2O2S + RExSy (RE was La-Ce). The formation of RExSy and RE2O2S was the fundamental reason for reduction in the quantity and size of MnS, and the spheroidization of inclusions was caused by REAlO3 and RE2O3 formed by La-Ce replacing Al in Al2O3. Considering the production cost and modification effect, the addition amount of La-Ce in the steel must reach at least 90 ppm to effectively improve the morphologies of all the inclusions thermodynamically, and the content of S could be remarkably reduced when the addition amount reached 120 ppm.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Zhong YB, Fang YP, Peng MH et al. (2016) Effect of transverse static magnetic field on microstructure and properties of GCr15 bearing steel in electroslag continuous casting process. Materials Science & Engineering, A 660: 118-126.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Lu L, Li W, Zhang J et al. (2009) Analysis of rotary bending gigacycle fatigue properties of bearing steel GCr15. Acta Metallurgica Sinica 45(1): 73-78.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Hashimoto K, Fujimatsu T, Tsunekage N et al. (2011) Study of rolling contact fatigue of bearing steels in relation to various oxide inclusions. Materials & Design 32(3): 1605-1611.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Nmark N, Karasev A, Nsson P. (2015) The effect of different non-metallic inclusions on the machinability of steels. Materials 8(2): 751-783.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Mayer H, Haydn W, Schuller R, et al. (2009) Very high cycle fatigue properties of bainitic high carbon-chromium steel. International Journal of Fatigue 31(2): 242-249.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Guan J, Wang LQ, Zhang CW, et al. (2017) Effects of non-metallic inclusions on the crack propagation in bearing steel. Tribology International 106: 123-131.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Xie JB, Zhang D, Yang QK, et al. (2019) Exploration of morphology evolution of the inclusions in Mg-treated 16MnCrS5 steel. Ironmaking & Steelmaking 46(6): 564-573.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Yang SF, Li JS, Wang ZF, et al. (2011) Modification of MgO·Al2O3 spinel inclusions in Al-killed steel by Ca-treatment. International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials 18(1): 18-23.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Pan F, Jian Z, Chen H L et al. (2016) Thermodynamic calculation among cerium, oxygen, and sulfur in liquid iron. Scientific Reports 6(1): 1-6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Wang H, Li X, Zhang L et al. (2017) Investigation of RE-O-S-As inclusions in high carbon steels. Metallurgical & Materials Transactions B 48(6): 2849-2858.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Bohlen J, Yi S, Letzig D, et al. (2010) Effect of rare earth elements on the microstructure and texture development in magnesium-manganese alloys during extrusion. Materials Science & Engineering A 527(26):7092-7098.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Xin WB, Song B, Song MM, et al. (2015) Effect of cerium on characteristic of inclusions and grain boundary segregation of arsenic in iron melts. Steel Research International 86(12): 1430-1438.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Li H, Yu YC, Ren X, et al. (2017) Evolution of Al2O3 inclusions by cerium treatment in low carbon high manganese steel. Journal of Iron and Steel Research, International 24(9): 925-934.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Gong W, Wang C, Wang PF, et al. (2021) Effect of La on inclusions and fracture toughness of low-alloy ultra-high-strength 40CrNi2Si2MoVA steel. Journal of Iron and Steel Research International 28:1408-1416.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Ren Q, Zhang LF. (2020) Effect of Cerium Content on Inclusions in an Ultra-Low-Carbon Aluminum-Killed Steel. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 51(2): 589-600.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Kawakami K, Tsuyoshi T, Kunihiko N (2007) Generation mechanisms of non-metallic inclusions in high-cleanliness steel. Tetsu-to-Hagane 93(12): 743-752.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Yang CY, Luan YK, Li DZ, et al. (2018) Very high cycle fatigue properties of bearing steel with different aluminum and sulfur contents. International Journal of Fatigue 116: 396-408.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Spriestersbach D, Grad P, Kerscher E. (2014) Influence of different non-metallic inclusion types on the crack initiation in high-strength steels in the VHCF regime. International Journal of Fatigue 64: 114-120.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Knacke O, Kubaschewski O, Hesselmann K. (1992) Thermochemical properties of inorganic substances. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Geng R, Li J, Shi CB, et al. (2020) Effect of Ce-La on inclusion evolution in Al-killed high strength steel. Metallurgical Research and Technology 117(6): 616-623.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Advanced Solidification Technology (CAST), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 201900, China

    Xiang-yu Wu, Bei-bei Liu, Qian-ren Tian, Jian-bo Xie & Jian-xun Fu

Authors
  1. Xiang-yu Wu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Bei-bei Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Qian-ren Tian
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Jian-bo Xie
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Jian-xun Fu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jian-xun Fu.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Wu, Xy., Liu, Bb., Tian, Qr. et al. Effect of Lanthanum and Cerium on Inclusions in GCr15 Bearing Steel. Trans Indian Inst Met 75, 2031–2039 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12666-022-02572-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12666-022-02572-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation