Abstract
The goal of this study is to promote the development of high-quality energy and emission reduction measures for super large deep foundation pits applied in metro system construction projects in areas with loess. In this paper, Rhinoceros 6 is first used to model the super large deep foundation pit on both sides of the existing subway. Second, the Mohr‒Coulomb model and the elastic model are used for numerical calculations in FLAC 3D. In-depth analysis of the deformation of the foundation pit and its surrounding environment and optimization of the support system are performed from the perspectives of safety, economy and environmental protection. Finally, the emission factor method is used to analyze the energy consumption level of the support system. The results reveal that the surface settlement, horizontal displacement of support structure, and horizontal and vertical displacements of the lining increase with the number of construction stages (CONS). In addition, there are strong and stable areas of ground settlement. The ground settlement in the strong area exhibits a V-shaped trend. The horizontal displacement of the lining structure is concentrated in the lower 1/5 of the lining structure, and the vertical displacement gradually decreases from the center toward the east and west. Increases in the pile diameter and diagonal steel support stiffness significantly reduce the deformation of the super large deep foundation pit excavation on its sidewalls and surroundings. The optimized support system greatly reduces the project cost and construction difficulty, and the total carbon emissions are reduced by 27.52%.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
All relevant data are within the paper.
References
Ahmad I, Tayyab M, Zaman M et al (2019) Finite-difference numerical simulation of dewatering system in a large deep foundation pit at Taunsa barrage, Pakistan. Sustainability 11:17. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11030694
Bowerman NHA, Frame DJ, Huntingford C et al (2011) Cumulative carbon emissions, emissions floors and short-term rates of warming: implications for policy. Philos Trans R Soc A-Math Phys Eng Sci 369:45–66. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2010.0288
Chen AX, Wang Q, Chen ZD et al (2021) Investigating pile anchor support system for deep foundation pit in a congested area of Changchun. Bull Eng Geol Environ 80:1125–1136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-020-01985-7
Chen J, Xu Q, Luo XY et al (2022a) Safety evaluation and eanergy consumption analysis of deep foundation pit excavation through numerical simulation and in-site monitoring. Energies 15:14. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15197099
Chen SR, Cui JF, Liang FY (2022b) case study on the deformation coupling effect of a deep foundation pit group in a coastal soft soil area. Appl Sci-Basel 12:15. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12126205
Chen SR, Cui JF, Liang FY (2022c) Centrifuge model investigation of interaction between successively constructed foundation pits. Appl Sci-Basel 12:14. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12167975
Cui XY, Ye MG, Zhuang Y (2018) Performance of a foundation pit supported by bored piles and steel struts: A case study. Soils Found 58:1016–1027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2018.05.004
Cui GH, Ma SX, Liu ZQ et al (2022) Effect of freeze-thaw cycles on deformation properties of deep foundation pit supported by pile-anchor in Harbin. Rev Adv Mater Sci 61:756–768. https://doi.org/10.1515/rams-2022-0266
Deng YS, Guo YJ, Zou BP et al (2023) Failure analysis and zoning control of water gushing in foundation pit. Eng Fail Anal 145:21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2022.107029
Fall M, Gao ZG, Ndiaye BC (2019) Subway tunnels displacement analysis due to two different communication channels construction procedures. Heliyon 5:16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01949
Gao XH, Tian WP, Zhang ZP (2020) Analysis of deformation characteristics of foundation-pit excavation and circular wall. Sustainability 12:3164. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12083164
Ghazi AB, Jamshidi-Zanjani A, Nejati H (2022) Utilization of copper mine tailings as a partial substitute for cement in concrete construction. Constr Build Mater 317:12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125921
Han W, Li GX, Sun ZH et al (2020) Numerical investigation of a foundation pit supported by a composite soil nailing structure. Symmetry-Basel 12:15. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12020252
Jomaa’h MM, Abdulazez HA, Ahmad S (2019) Evaluation of structural lightweight concrete produced utilizing crushed medical solid waste materials. J Test Eval 47:2737–2749. https://doi.org/10.1520/jte20170053
Lin HX, Gao YY, Du JF et al (2021) Application of rigid large-diameter cement-soil mixing pile support technology in a deep foundation pit project. Fresenius Environ Bull 30:4429–4435
Liu LL, Wu RG, Congress SSC et al (2021) Design optimization of the soil nail wall-retaining pile-anchor cable supporting system in a large-scale deep foundation pit. Acta Geotech 16:2251–2274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-021-01154-4
Mangushev RA, Osokin AI, Garnyk LV (2016) Experience in preserving adjacent buildings during excavation of large foundation pits under conditions of dense development. Soil Mech Found Eng 53:291–297. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11204-016-9401-9
Mei Y, Li YL, Wang XY et al (2019) Statistical analysis of deformation laws of deep foundation pits in collapsible loess. Arab J Sci Eng 44:8347–8360. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-019-03931-6
Nguyen HT, Nguyen TTT, Tung NH et al (2019) Levels, profiles, and emission characteristics of chlorobenzenes in ash samples from some industrial thermal facilities in northern Vietnam. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26:188–198. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3591-9
Peric L (2008) Foundation pit protection by shotcrete wall and ground anchors. Gradev 60:1–11
Rampello S, Fantera L, Masini L (2019) Efficiency of embedded barriers to mitigate tunnelling effects. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 89:109–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2019.03.027
Samad MSA, Mohan P, Varghese GK et al (2020) Environmental forensic investigation of the air pollution from a cement manufacturing unit. Environ Forensics 21:37–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/15275922.2019.1694094
Sanhueza C, Oteo C (2009) Displacement control of continuous diaphragm walls in madrid (1(st) Section). Rev Constr 8:72–84
Schorcht M, Jehling M, Kruger T (2023) Where are cities under pressure?-An indicator for measuring the impact of building changes on urban density. Ecol Indic 149:11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2023.110142
Sonderegger T, Berger M, Alvarenga R et al (2020) Mineral resources in life cycle impact assessment-part I: a critical review of existing methods. Int J Life Cycle Assess 25:784–797. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-020-01736-6
Song DQ, Chen Z, Dong LH et al (2020) Monitoring analysis of influence of extra-large complex deep foundation pit on adjacent environment: a case study of Zhengzhou City, China. Geomat Nat Hazards Risk 11:2036–2057. https://doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2020.1823492
Tang Q, Zhang Y, Gao YF et al (2017) Use of cement-chelated, solidified, municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) fly ash for pavement material: mechanical and environmental evaluations. Can Geotech J 54:1553–1566. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2017-0007
Tunc N, Karagoz M, Ciftci B et al (2021) Environmental pollution cost analysis of a diesel engine fueled with biogas-diesel-tire pyrolytic oil blends. Eng Sci Technol 24:631–636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2020.10.008
Wang JF, Xiang HW, Yan JG (2019) Numerical simulation of steel sheet pile support structures in foundation pit excavation. Int J Geomech 19:12. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gm.1943-5622.0001373
Wang F, Shi GJ, Zhai WB et al (2021) Internal force on and deformation of steel assembled supporting structure of foundation pit under thermal stress. Appl Sci-Basel 11:21. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11052225
Westermann K, Meier J, Pitteloud L (2020) Excavation pit and foundation of a research center. Bautechnik 97:878–885. https://doi.org/10.1002/bate.202000062
Won J, Baek SW, Kim H et al (2019) The viscosity and combustion characteristics of single-droplet water-diesel emulsion. Energies 12:12. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12101963
Yao C, Guo YCA, Shen AQ et al (2021) Recycling of fine-asphalt-pavement solid waste for low-shrinkage rapid hardening Portland cement concrete pavement. Constr Build Mater 289:12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123132
Ye SH, Zhao ZF, Wang DQ (2021) Deformation analysis and safety assessment of existing metro tunnels affected by excavation of a foundation pit. Undergr Space 6:421–431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.undsp.2020.06.002
Yin Q, Fu HL (2023) Analysis of foundation pit excavation deformation and parameter influence of pile-anchor-ribbed-beam support system. Appl Sci-Basel 13:17. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13042379
Zeng FY, Zhang ZJ, Wang JH et al (2018) Observed performance of two adjacent and concurrently excavated deep foundation pits in soft clay. J Perform Constr Facil 32:13. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)cf.1943-5509.0001184
Zhang XM, Yang JS, Zhang YX et al (2018) Cause investigation of damages in existing building adjacent to foundation pit in construction. Eng Fail Anal 83:117–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2017.09.016
Zhang Q, Hu J, Wang J et al (2021) Study on the mechanical behavior of a foundation pit retaining structure adjacent to the pile foundation of a subway station. Environ Earth Sci 80:10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-021-09996-7
Zhang XS, Xiao Y, Xue YJ et al (2022) Global bibliometric developments on solid waste recycling in concrete construction engineering. Materials 15:13. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15124142
Zhao X, Wang HX, Li ZW et al (2022) Numerical study on the deformation of tunnels by excavation of foundation pit adjacent to the subway. Appl Sci-Basel 12:18. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12094752
Zhou NQ, Vermeer PA, Lou RX et al (2010) Numerical simulation of deep foundation pit dewatering and optimization of controlling land subsidence. Eng Geol 114:251–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2010.05.002
Zhu YH, Sun FX, Liu MQ et al (2022) Numerical simulation study on construction effect of top-down construction method of suspended diaphragm wall for deep and large foundation pit in complex stratum. Adv Civ Eng 2022:20. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8201726
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Key Science and Technology Projects of Liaoning Province, China (2019JH2-10100035) and the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities (N180701005).
Funding
The authors have not disclosed any funding.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
YQ, FJ, and WL supervised the work and contributed to the data interpretation and writing and revision of the manuscript. LS and XQ designed and performed the numerical simulation, analyzed the data, contributed to the data interpretation, and drafted the manuscript. SL revised the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could influence the work reported in this paper.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Qi, Y., Jia, F., Li, W. et al. Optimization and energy consumption analyses of the support system of a super large deep foundation pit in the Xi'an Metro. Environ Earth Sci 83, 140 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-024-11459-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-024-11459-8