Abstract
In India, the rice paddy is cultivated as one or two crops per year using synthetic fertilizers and organic manures. Although the application of agrochemicals enhances the soil's heavy metals, the influence of cultivation patterns on the metal accumulation in rice paddy soil is not documented. Such information could provide a basis for controlling heavy metals in rice paddy soil. Therefore, the investigation was carried out to assess the influence of cultivation patterns on heavy metal accumulation. The study was made during the cultivation and noncultivation periods of single and double cropping patterns. The heavy metals viz. Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cr, and Pb were analyzed in soil after acid extraction using AAS. The result revealed that, in both cropping patterns, the heavy metals content was high during the noncultivation period compared to cultivation period, and only Cu and Pb showed significant differences between the periods (Single cropping F1,25 = 7.291, p = 0.012 and F1,25 = 7.820, p = 0.010; double cropping F1,25 = 9.242, p = 0.005 and F1,25 = 7.746, p = 0.010 respectively). Compared to single cropping, Zn, Cu, Mn, and Pb contents were high in double cropping. The Mn, Ni, and Cr content showed significant differences between the cropping pattern (Mn: F1,55 = 18.20, p = 0.0001; Ni: F1,55 = 5.764, p = 0.020; Cr: F1,55 = 4.283, p = 0.043). The study indicates that the difference in the heavy metal content of the rice paddy soils is attributed to managerial and cultivation practices.
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The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.
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Acknowledgements
This work was carried out as a part of the Ph.D. programme of Ranjana Ramesha Hegade. The authors are thankful to the farmers in the study area for their kind cooperation during the sampling. The authors are thankful to the Jaivika- Soil Testing Centre of Horticulture Department, Shivamogga, for the help rendered during heavy metal analyses.
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All authors contributed to the study's conception and design. Fieldwork, Data collection, formal analysis, investigation, and writing the draft were performed by RRH. Formal analysis, investigation, review, and editing were performed by MVCK. Conceptualization, methodology, software, validation, formal analysis, resources, data curation, review and editing, visualization, and supervision were performed by SVBK. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Hegade, R.R., Chethanakumara, M.V. & Krishnamurthy, S.V.B. Effect of cultivation practice on the heavy metal content of rice paddy field soil in Western Ghats of India. Environ Earth Sci 83, 15 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-023-11317-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-023-11317-z