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Hillslope elements and soil–landscape analysis in Himalayas for characterizing soil quality parameters using digital terrain model and remote-sensing data

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Abstract

Hillslope elements and land cover types are primarily determining the spatial variability of soils in the hilly and mountainous landscape. Among the soil forming factors, topography strongly influences pedogenic process and governs the variability of soils in hilly and mountainous landscape. This study mainly focusses on characterizing soil quality parameters distribution based on the hillslope elements and soil–landscape units in the watershed. Digital terrain model (DTM)-derived topographic position index was used to delineate various hillslope elements. Land use/land cover map was generated using random forest machine learning technique. Hillslope elements, land use/land cover types and aspects were integrated in GIS environment to generate soil–landscape unit map of the watershed. Soil samples were collected based on various soil–landscape units to characterize soil quality parameters such as total carbon (TC) soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), aggregate stability (SAS) in the watershed. SOM ranged from 1.6% to 10.05% and higher estimated in shoulder (forest) followed by valley (agriculture) and toe slope (forest). TC and TN contents ranged from 0.93% to 5.84% and 0.11% to 0.38%, respectively. The C:N ratio ranged from 7.96% to 18.31% and high value was found in shoulder (forest) followed by valley (agriculture) and toe slope (forest). SAS under different hillslope elements in the area ranged from 0.0.552 to 0.615 indicating large spatial variation of soil quality parameters. The study indicates that in hilly and mountainous landscape, topography and land cover types have major role in determining soil quality. DTM-based soil–landscape units’ delineation can be helpful to study soil quality variability and can be used to generate soil map for the hilly and mountainous watershed. The significance of this study lies in its potential to make substantial contributions to land use planning, sustainable land management and environmental conservation planning in the challenging and ecologically fragile and sensitive Himalayan region.

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Acknowledgements

Authors are thankful to Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) for providing financial support under Earth Observation Applications Mission (EOAM) Project (ISRO/DOS) on “Mountain Ecosystem Processes and Services-Phase-II” to carry out the research work. We are thankful to the Director, Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS) for providing necessary facilities to carry out the research work.

Funding

The financial support for this study is provided by Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), Departement of Space (DOS).

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  1. Agriculture, Forestry and Ecology Group, Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Dehra Dun, Uttarakhand, India

    Suresh Kumar

  2. Agriculture and Soils Department, Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Dehra Dun, Uttarakhand, India

    Nandhakumar Murugan, Anu David Raj & Justin George Kalambukattu

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SK—conceptualization; NM and ADR—investigation; SK, NM and ADR—methodology; SK—project administration; SK and JGK—supervision; NM and ADR—data collection: SK, and ADR—validation; ADR and NM—visualization; SK, ADR and NM—original draft; SK, NM and ADR—writing; SK, ADR, JGK—review and editing. All authors discussed the results, commented and approved the manuscript.

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Kumar, S., Murugan, N., David Raj, A. et al. Hillslope elements and soil–landscape analysis in Himalayas for characterizing soil quality parameters using digital terrain model and remote-sensing data. Environ Earth Sci 82, 469 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-023-11166-w

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