Abstract
Sedimentary archives provide long-term records of heavy metal pollution crucial for making an efficient pollution control policy to protect humans and our ecosystem. In this study, we present V, Cr, Ni, Cu, Co, Sn, Zn, Cd, and Pb concentrations measured in a 38 cm long sediment core from the Upper Lake (wetland protected under Ramsar convention 2002) in Bhopal to provide the last century records of heavy metal pollution in Central India. Few riverine sediments and free-fall atmospheric dust samples collected from the lake periphery were also analyzed. Principal component analysis and heavy metal abundance patterns in the lake sediments and the likely endmembers suggest atmospheric deposition as the major cause of heavy metal influx into the lake. The geochemical background upper limits of heavy metals as determined using modal analysis were used to calculate the metal-specific enrichment factor (EF) and the overall heavy metal pollution load index (PLI). The overall metal pollution has remained insignificant (PLI ~ 1) throughout the core history, while minor pollution of Zn, Cd, and Pb (EF > 1–2) emerged in the early-1980s. This study highlights that the emergence of Zn, Cd, and Pb pollution in Central India is contemporaneous to that seen in multiple lacustrine sediment records from China but it does not yet show any modern phasing-out trend as seen in China and elsewhere.
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Acknowledgements
We acknowledge the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), India for providing the grant MoES/P.O.(Geo)/168/2017 to S.P. Singh and the Department of Science & Technology (DST), Ministry of Science and Technology, India for a Ph.D. fellowship 2017/IF/170451 to N. Ahmad. The partial help provided by Abul Qasim and Chandrashekhar A.K. during the fieldwork and preliminary sample treatments is thankfully acknowledged. We thank Pritam Nasipuri from the EES department in IISER Bhopal for sharing aliquots of the USGS reference materials. We also thank the editor for handling the review of this manuscript and the anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments and suggestions.
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The Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), India provided the research grant MoES/P.O.(Geo)/168/2017 to S.P. Singh.
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SPS played a role in problem identification, funding, supervision, and manuscript correction. NA did fieldwork, sampling, analytical works, and data analysis, and wrote the original draft. Both authors contributed significantly and agreed to the manuscript submission.
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Ahmad, N., Singh, S.P. Decadal growth of atmospheric heavy metal pollution in Central India: evidence from sediment geochemistry of Upper Lake Bhopal. Environ Earth Sci 82, 369 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-023-11063-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-023-11063-2