Abstract
In recent decades, agricultural activities have increased water withdrawals from the Shazand plain in the Markazi Province (Iran). In this study, the Soil & Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was used to estimate recharge content as an essential component of groundwater models. MODFLOW2000 in the GMS10.5 software was used for groundwater modeling, and the extent of land use change in the Shazand plain was investigated. The results showed that the agricultural sector allocated the largest change with an 18% increase. During 2009–2016, the water table declined by 5 m due to the decrease in recharge and the increase in exploitation. Therefore, the management scenarios of removal of irrigated crops, optimization of cultivated area, and reduction of the cultivated area by 10, 20, and 30% were applied. The results showed 3, 0.28, 0.49, 1, and 1.5 m increases in the water table at the end of the 7-year study period. Every year, reduction of the cultivated area by 10, 20, and 30%, almost 31, 20.5, and 10.3 million m3 less will be extracted from the aquifer.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Data will be made available upon request.
References
Abbaspour K (2005) Calibration of hydrologic models: when is a model calibrated. In: MODSIM 2005 International Congress on Modelling and Simulation Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand, pp 2449–12455
Abbaspour KC (2007) User manual for SWAT-CUP, SWAT calibration and uncertainty analysis programs. J Swiss Federal Inst Aquat Sci Technol, Eawag, Duebendorf, Switzerland 93
Abbaspour KC, Johnson C, Van Genuchten MT (2004) Estimating uncertain flow and transport parameters using a sequential uncertainty fitting procedure. J Vadose Zone J 3:1340–1352
Abbaspour KC, Yang J, Maximov I, Siber R, Bogner K, Mieleitner J, Zobrist J, Srinivasan R (2007) Modelling hydrology and water quality in the pre-alpine/alpine Thur watershed using SWAT. J Hydrol 333:413–430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.09.014
Acero Triana JS, Chu ML, Guzman JA, Moriasi DN, Steiner JL (2020) Evaluating the risks of groundwater extraction in an agricultural landscape under different climate projections. J Water 12:400. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12020400
Alipour A, Mosavi S, Arjomandi A (2019) Optimal crop production pattern with emphasis on improving water use efficiency (A case study of Varamin agricultural and animal husbandry complex). J JWSS-Isfahan Univ Technol 23:251–265
Anderson JR (1976) A land use and land cover classification system for use with remote sensor data. US Government Printing Office
Arnold JG, Fohrer N (2005) SWAT2000: current capabilities and research opportunities in applied watershed modelling. J Hydrolog Process Int J 19:563–572. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5611
Arnold JG, Allen PM, Bernhardt G (1993) A comprehensive surface-groundwater flow model. J Hydrol 142:47–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(93)90004-S
Arnold JG, Srinivasan R, Muttiah RS, Williams JR (1998) Large area hydrologic modeling and assessment part I: model development 1. J JAWRA J Am Water Resour Assoc 34:73–89. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1998.tb05961.x
Bartolino JR (2003) Ground-water depletion across the nation. US Department of the Interior, US Geological Survey
Borah D, Bera M (2003) Watershed-scale hydrologic and nonpoint-source pollution models: Review of mathematical bases. J Trans ASAE 46:1553. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.15644
Chiang WH, Kinzalbach W (1998) Processing MODFLOW A simulation System for Modelling Groundwater Flow and Pollution. Software Instruction Book, Humburg-Zurich
Dalin C, Wada Y, Kastner T, Puma MJ (2017) Groundwater depletion embedded in international food trade. J Nature 543:700–704. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature21403
Davudirad AA, Sadeghi SH, Sadoddin A (2016) The impact of development plans on hydrological changes in the Shazand Watershed, Iran. J Land Degrad Dev 27:1236–1244. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2523
De almeida WS, Panachuki E, de Oliveira PTS, da Silva Menezes R, Sobrinho TA, de Carvalho DF (2018) Effect of soil tillage and vegetal cover on soil water infiltration. J Soil till Res 175:130–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2017.07.009
Döll P, Hoffmann-Dobrev H, Portmann FT, Siebert S, Eicker A, Rodell M, Strassberg G, Scanlon B (2012) Impact of water withdrawals from groundwater and surface water on continental water storage variations. J Geodyn 59:143–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2011.05.001
Dowlatabadi S, Ali Zomorodian S (2016) Conjunctive simulation of surface water and groundwater using SWAT and MODFLOW in Firoozabad watershed. J KSCE J Civ Eng 20:485–496. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-015-0354-8
Fleckenstein JH, Krause S, Hannah DM, Boano F (2010) Groundwater-surface water interactions: New methods and models to improve understanding of processes and dynamics. J Adv Water Resour 33:1291–1295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2010.09.011
Ghaffari G, Keesstra S, Ghodousi J, Ahmadi H (2010) SWAT-simulated hydrological impact of land-use change in the Zanjanrood basin, Northwest Iran. J Hydrolog Process Int J 24:892–903. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7530
Ghodspour M, Sarai Tabrizi M, Saremi A, Kardan Moghadam H, Akbari M (2021) Two-objective simulation-optimization model for cropping pattern and water allocation in Semnan Plain. J JWSS-Isfahan Univ Technol 25:177–189. https://doi.org/10.47176/jwss.25.3.7493
Green WH, Ampt G (1911) Studies on soil physics. J J Agric Sci 4:1–24. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859600001441
Gyamfi C, Ndambuki JM, Anornu GK, Kifanyi GE (2017) Groundwater recharge modelling in a large scale basin: an example using the SWAT hydrologic model. J Model Earth Syst Environ 3:1361–1369. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-017-0383-z
Hargreaves GH, Samani ZA (1985) Reference crop evapotranspiration from temperature. J Appl Eng Agric 1:96–99. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.26773
Hernández JE, Gowda PH, Howell TA, Steiner JL, Mojarro F, Núñez EP, Avila JR (2012) Modeling groundwater levels on the Calera aquifer region in Central Mexico using ModFlow. J Agric Sci Technol B 2(1):52–61
Izady A, Davary K, Alizadeh A, Ziaei A, Akhavan S, Alipoor A, Joodavi A, Brusseau M (2015) Groundwater conceptualization and modeling using distributed SWAT-based recharge for the semi-arid agricultural Neishaboor plain, Iran. J Hydrogeol 23:47–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-014-1219-9
Kibii JK, Kipkorir EC, Kosgei JR (2021) Application of Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to evaluate the impact of land use and climate variability on the Kaptagat catchment river discharge. J Sustain 13:1802. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041802
Kim NW, Chung IM, Won YS, Arnold JG (2008) Development and application of the integrated SWAT–MODFLOW model. J Hydrol 356:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.02.024
Kouchakzadeh M, Saleh FN (2014) Evaluation of the efficiency of using surface water simulation results to improve the accuracy of groundwater simulation. J Modares J Civ Engg 14(3):1–11
Kumar N, Singh SK, Srivastava PK, Narsimlu B (2017) SWAT Model calibration and uncertainty analysis for streamflow prediction of the Tons River Basin, India, using Sequential Uncertainty Fitting (SUFI-2) algorithm. J Model Earth Syst Environ 3:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-017-0306-z
Lerner DN, Harris B (2009) The relationship between land use and groundwater resources and quality. J Land Use Policy 26:S265–S273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2009.09.005
Markazi Regional Water Authority (1998) Water resources study of the Salt lake catchment report (in Persian). Integrated study and water budget. Mnistry of Energy, Tehran
Markazi Regional Water Authority (2017) Water resources study of the Shazand watershed report (in Persian)
McDonald MG, Harbaugh AW (1988) A modular three-dimensional finite-difference ground-water flow model. US Geological Survey
Moriasi DN, Arnold JG, Van Liew MW, Bingner RL, Harmel RD, Veith TL (2007) Model evaluation guidelines for systematic quantification of accuracy in watershed simulations. J Trans ASABE 50:885–900. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.23153
Nash JE, Sutcliffe JV (1970) River flow forecasting through conceptual models part I—a discussion of principles. J Hydrology 10:282–290
Nasiri S, Ansari H, Ziaei AN (2022) Determination of water balance equation components in irrigated agricultural watersheds using SWAT and MODFLOW models: a case study of Samalqan plain in Iran. J Groundwater Sci Eng 10:44–56
Neitsch SL, Arnold JG, Kiniry JR, Williams JR (2011) Soil and water assessment tool theoretical documentation version 2009. Texas Water Resources Institute
Srinivasan M, Gérard-Marchant P, Veith TL, Gburek WJ, Steenhuis TS (2005) Watershed scale modeling of critical source areas of runoff generation and phosphorus transport 1. J JAWRA J Am Water Resour Assoc 41:361–377. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2005.tb03741.x
Sun D, Yang H, Guan D, Yang M, Wu J, Yuan F, Jin C, Wang A, Zhang Y (2018) The effects of land use change on soil infiltration capacity in China: a meta-analysis. J Sci Total Environ 626:1394–1401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.104
Todd D, Mays L (2005) Groundwater hydrology, 3rd edn. Wiley, Berlin
Unesco (1970) Soil map of the world. Unesco
USDA S (1972) National Engineering Handbook. Hydrology Section 4, chapter 4-10. J US Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service
Van Liew MW, Garbrecht J (2003) Hydrologic simulation of the little Washita river experimental watershed using SWAT 1. J JAWRA J Am Water Resour Assoc 39:413–426. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb04395.x
Van Liew M, Arnold J, Garbrecht J (2003) Hydrologic simulation on agricultural watersheds: choosing between two models. J Trans ASAE 46:1539. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.15643
Vörösmarty C, Lettenmaier D, Leveque C, Meybeck M, Pahl-Wostl C, Alcamo J, Cosgrove W, Grassl H, Hoff H, Kabat P (2004) Humans transforming the global water system. J Eos Trans Am Geophys Union 85:509–514. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004EO480001
Zeckoski RW, Smolen MD, Moriasi DN, Frankenberger JR, Feyereisen GW (2015) Hydrologic and water quality terminology as applied to modeling. J Trans ASABE 58:1619–1635. https://doi.org/10.13031/trans.58.10713
Zheng C, Hill MC, Cao G, Ma R (2012) MT3DMS: Model use, calibration, and validation. J Trans ASABE 55:1549–1559. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.42263
Funding
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests in this manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Mehrasa Mohsenifard responsible for methodology, data analysis, and writing the original draft. Jahangir Abedi Koupai was responsible for the methodology, data analysis, reviewing and editing of the manuscript. Ali Shokri was responsible for reviewing of the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
There is no conflict of interest in this manuscript.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Mohsenifard, M., Abedi-Koupai, J. & Shokri, A. Groundwater sustainability under land-use and land-cover changes. Environ Earth Sci 82, 147 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-023-10824-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-023-10824-3