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Atmospheric exposure vs burying: influences on damage intensity of built-in kersantite in the monument of the Small Staircase (Belgrade, Serbia)

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Abstract

The effect of “buried stone” has been studied on the intensities of degradation processes present on the kersantite rock built into the monument Small Staircase. The investigations were conducted on sound rock from the quarry and damaged stone built-in the monument. While some staircase parts were underground for 90 years, most of the stone elements were exposed to different environmental conditions and anthropogenic influences. Detailed mapping of the current state of the monument was done to investigate the effect of the burial and monument’s complex geometry on the type of decay and varying of physical properties such as bulk and real density, total and open porosity, and water absorption. The main weathering types that occurred on kersantite elements were loss of stone material in the form of back weathering and relief followed by granular disintegration, flaking, and crust detachment. Damage indices were calculated on the bases of mapping results, too. Microscopic investigations, SEM–EDS and PXRD analyses showed that weathering of hydrothermally altered kersantite produced new secondary phases: vermiculite, increase of chlorite content, formation of secondary Fe oxides/hydroxide and salt deposits of gypsum, thenardite, Na-Ca sulphate and halite. In relation to sound kersantite, the decline in the value of physical properties of damaged stone was observed. Calculated values of damage indices reflected differences between separate parts of the Monument and enabled assessment of weathering rates according to the geometric position of the stone exposure to environmental influences, respectively significance of burial for stone conservation.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful for the assistance of Suzana Erić from the University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mining and Geology, Department of Mineralogy, Petrology, Crystallography and Geochemistry, Belgrade, Serbia, for her collaboration in the SEM-EDS analyses and comments that greatly improved the manuscript.

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The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Cultural Heritage Preservation Institute of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

    Nevenka Novaković

  2. Faculty of Mining and Geology, Department of Mineralogy, Petrology, Crystallography and Geochemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

    Predrag Dabić & Vesna Matović

Authors
  1. Nevenka Novaković
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  2. Predrag Dabić
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  3. Vesna Matović
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study’s conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by NN, PD and VM. The first draft of the manuscript was written by NN and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Nevenka Novaković.

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Novaković, N., Dabić, P. & Matović, V. Atmospheric exposure vs burying: influences on damage intensity of built-in kersantite in the monument of the Small Staircase (Belgrade, Serbia). Environ Earth Sci 82, 114 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-023-10794-6

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