Abstract
The southwestern part of Bangladesh has a mixed ecosystem, which is directly affected by climate change and undergoing remarkable changes in agricultural activities that are exacerbating the dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil total nitrogen (STN). To study the spatial distribution of SOC and STN dynamics in such ecosystem, Dacope Upazila was chosen, and different interpolation methods were applied and compared to find out the best approach to demonstrate the spatial pattern of soil carbon and nitrogen status in 2000 and 2020 and correlated them with the terrain and environmental variables. Soil resource development institute (SRDI) database was used to obtain the SOC and STN of the area in 2000 and 2020. To identify the elevation, aspect, slope, land surface temperature (LST), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and normalized difference water index (NDWI), the digital elevation model (DEM) and satellite images of 2000 and 2020 were downloaded. The results showed that the applied interpolation methods and models did not perform well as the model efficiency (R2) was very low. Furthermore, in 2000, SOC and STN were only positively correlated with EC (p < 0.01) whereas after two decades, SOC and STN showed a positive correlation with elevation (p < 0.01), NDVI (p < 0.01), and negative correlation with NDWI (p < 0.01). In both years, SOC and STN showed a strong positive correlation at p < 0.001 with each other. Due to the poor model performance, it is recommended using extended spatial techniques coupling with environmental variables to increase the accuracy of spatial distribution for a complex ecosystem.
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Data availability statement
The raw data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.
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Acknowledgements
The authors appreciate the support and the soil database provided by the Soil Research Development Institute (SRDI) of Bangladesh. We are also thankful to the US Geological Survey’s free Landsat Data Access and website (https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov). Without these, it was not possible to conduct this research.
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BAAS: conceptualization, data curation, formal data analysis, visualization, writing—original draft and editing. MZK: conceptualization, investigation, validation, writing—review & editing, supervision.
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Shoumik, B.A., Khan, M. Spatio-temporal dynamics of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen: evidenced from 2000 to 2020 in a mixed ecosystem. Environ Earth Sci 82, 84 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-023-10756-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-023-10756-y
Keywords
- Geostatistical analysis
- Spatial distribution
- Spatial modeling
- Soil organic carbon
- Total nitrogen
- Remote sensing