Abstract
Land subsidence has to be controlled under global climate change and sea level rising for coastal megacities. Land subsidence caused by lowering groundwater level during underground excavation has become a dominant influence factor for land subsidence during urbanization and city renewal. How to manage the land subsidence induced by foundation pit dewatering (FPD) on an urban scale was urgent. Shanghai was selected as the research background. A subsidence and drawdown double control (SDDC) partition was established. The position of three times excavation depth (3H) horizontally away from the foundation boundary in the plane was defined as the boundary between dewatering subsidence and excavation settlement. Land subsidence of 3H (LS-3H) and groundwater drawdown on 3H (GD-3H) were defined as the evaluating and controlling indicators. An FPD conceptual model was summarized by the estimating and investigating of foundation pit information and numerical simulations were performed. A total of 6540 FPD scenarios were simulated for the LS-3H and GD-3H. Multi-factor regression analysis was conducted to obtain relations between the GD-3H and the shape, area, depth, and curtain depth of foundation pit on the basis of the numerical simulations. The regression models can be used to estimate the GD-3H and compared with the threshold specified by land subsidence prevention and control (LSPC) law, which can provide a reference for similar cases.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- 3H:
-
Horizontally away from the foundation pit by 3 times its depth
- FPD:
-
Foundation pit dewatering
- GD-3H:
-
Groundwater drawdown on 3H
- InSAR:
-
Interferometric synthetic aperture radar
- LS-3H:
-
Land subsidence on 3H
- LSPC:
-
Land subsidence prevention and control
- MAMA:
-
Multi-aquifer and multi-aquitard
- SDDC:
-
Subsidence and drawdown double control
References
Bear J (ed) (1979) Hydraulics of groundwater. McGraw–Hill International Book Company, New York
Calin N, Radu C, Bica I (2017) Dewatering system of a deep of excavation in urban area–bucharest case study. Proced Eng 209:210–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.11.149
Castellazz P, Garfias J, Martel R (2021) Assessing the efficiency of mitigation measures to reduce groundwater depletion and related land subsidence in Querétaro (Central Mexico) from decadal InSAR observations. Int J Appl Earth Obs 105:102632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2021.102632
Cigna F, Tapete D (2022) Urban growth and land subsidence: Multi–decadal investigation using human subsidence data and satellite InSAR in Morelia. Mexico. Sci Total Environ 811:152211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152211
Dinar A, Esteban E, Calvo E, Herrera G, Albiac J, Teatini P, Tomás R, Li Y, Ezquerro P, Albiac J (2021) We lose ground: global assessment of land subsidence impact extent. Sci Total Environ 786:147415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147415
Du ZY, Ge LL, Ng AHM, Lian XG, Zhu QGZ, Horgan FG, Zhang Q (2021) Analysis of the impact of the South-to-North water diversion project on water balance and land subsidence in Beijing, China between 2007 and 2020. J Hydrol 603:126990. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126990
Esteban M, Takagi H, Jamero L, Chadwick C, Avelino JE, Mikami T, Fatma D, Yamamoto L, Thao ND, Onuki M, Woodbury J, Valenzuela VPB, Crichton RN, Shibayama T (2020) Adaptation to sea level rise: learning from present examples of land subsidence. Ocean Coast Manage 189:104852. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2019.104852
Hoque MA, Hoque MM, Ahmed KM (2007) Declining groundwater level and aquifer dewatering in Dhaka metropolitan area, Bangladesh: causes and quantification. Hydrogeol J 15:1523–1534. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-007-0226-5
Hung WC, Hwang C, Chang CP, Yen JY, Liu CH, Yang WH (2010) Monitoring severe aquifer–system compaction and land subsidence in Taiwan using multiple sensors: Yunlin, the southern Choushui River Alluvial Fan. Environ Earth Sci 59:1535–1548. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-009-0139-9
Khosravi M, Khosravi MH, Najafabadi SHG (2018) Determining the portion of dewatering–induced subsidence in excavation pit projects. Int J Geotech Eng 209:210–215. https://doi.org/10.1080/19386362.2018.1467858
Li MG, Chen JJ, Xia XH, Zhang YQ, Wang DF (2020) Statistical and hydro–mechanical coupling analyses on groundwater drawdown and soil deformation caused by dewatering in a multi–aquifer aquitard system. J Hydro 589:125365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.127329
Liu FZ, Xing HT, Wu B, Liu GX, Ma SK, Huang HJ, Meng GW (2022a) Study on the effect of dewatering–recharge–excavation of deep foundation pits on soil–structure–groundwater under a deep confined water environment. Arab J Geosci 15:710. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-022-09896-5
Liu NW, Peng CX, Li MG, Chen JJ (2022b) Hydro–mechanical behavior of a deep excavation with dewatering and recharge in soft deposits. Eng Geol 307:106780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2022.106780
Luo ZJ, Liu JB, Zhang YP, Wu YX (2006) Three–dimensional coupled numerical model between deep foundation pit dewatering and land–subsidence. J Jiangsu Univ (natural Science Edition) 27:356–359 (in Chinese)
McDonald MG, Harbaugh AW (1988) A modular three–dimensional finite–difference ground–water flow model. US Geological Survey
Miyake N, Kohsaka N, Ishikawa A (2008) Multi–aquifer pumping test to determine cut-off wall length for groundwater flow control during site excavation in Tokyo, Japan. Hydrogeol J 16:995–1001. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-008-0276-3
Ni XD, Lu JF, Wang Y, Shi JW, Chen WC, Tang LX (2021) Field investigation of the influence of basement excavation and dewatering on ground and structure responses. Tunn Undergr Sp Tech 117:104121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2021.104121
Shanghai Geological Environment Atlas Compilation Committee (SGEACC) (2007). Shanghai Geological Environmental Atlas. Geology Press, Beijing
Shanghai Construction Material Industry Market Management Station (SHCMIMMS) (2020) Technical code for land subsidence monitor and control. Technical code for excavation engineering, DG/TJ08–2051–2008. (in Chinese)
Shen SL, Wu YX, Sun WJ, Yin ZY (2012) Groundwater control for a deep excavation pit in gravel aquifer of Hangzhou, China. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Ground Improvement and Ground Control, 1735–1745. https://doi.org/10.3850/978-981-07-3560-9_10-1015
Shi YJ, Li MG, Zhang YQ, Li J, Wang JH (2018) Field investigation and prediction of responses of far–field ground and groundwater to pumping artesian water in deep excavations. Int J Geomech 18(10):04018132. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001252
Su G, Wu Y, Zhan W, Zheng Z, Chang L, Wang J (2021) Spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of land subsidence caused by groundwater depletion in the North China plain during the past six decades. J Hydrol 600:126678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126678
Tang W, Zhao XJ, Motagh M, Bi G, Li J, Chen MJ, Chen H, Liao MS (2022) Land subsidence and rebound in the Taiyuan basin, northern China, in the context of inter-basin water transfer and groundwater management. Remote Sens Environ 269:112792. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2021.112792
Ty TV, Minh HVT, Avtar R, Kumar P, Hiep HV, Kurasaki M (2021) Spatiotemporal variations in groundwater levels and the impact on land subsidence in CanTho, Vietnam. Groundw Sustain Dev 15:100680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2021.100680
Wang ZC, Wang C (2019) Analysis of deep foundation pit construction monitoring in a metro station in Jinan City. Geotech Geol Eng 37:813–822. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-018-0651-3
Wang JX, Hu L, Wu L, Tang YQ, Zhu YF, Yang P (2009) Hydraulic barrier function of the underground continuous concrete wall in the pit of subway station and its optimization. Environ Geol 57:447–453. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-008-1315-z
Wang JX, Feng B, Liu Y, Wu LG, Zhu YF, Zhang XS, Tang YQ, Yang P (2012) Controlling subsidence caused by dewatering in a deep foundation pit. B Eng Geol Environ 71:545–555. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-012-0420-0
Wang JX, Feng B, Yu HP, Guo TP, Yang GY, Tang JW (2013a) Numerical study of dewatering in a large deep foundation pit. Environ Earth Sci 69:863–872. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-012-1972-9
Wang JX, Feng B, Guo TP, Wu LG, Lou RX, Zhou Z (2013b) Using partial penetrating wells and curtains to lower the water level of confined aquifer of gravel. Eng Geol 161:16–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2013.04.007
Wang JX, Huang TR, Hu J, Wu LG, Li G, Yang P (2014) Field experiments and numerical simulations of whirlpool foundation pit dewatering. Environ Earth Sci 71:3245–3257. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-013-2981-z
Wang JX, Wu YB, Liu XT, Yang TL, Wang HM, Zhu YF (2016) Areal subsidence under pumping well–curtain interaction in subway foundation pit dewatering: conceptual model and numerical simulations. Environ Earth Sci 75:198. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-4860-2
Wang JX, Liu XT, Liu JX, Wu LB, Guo QF, Yang Q (2018) Dewatering of a 32.55 m deep foundation pit in MAMA under leakage risk conditions. KSCE J Civ Eng 22:2784–2801. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-017-1950-6
Wang JX, Liu XT, Liu SL, Zhu YF, Pan WQ, Zhou J (2019) Physical model test of transparent soil on coupling effect of cut–off wall and pumping wells during foundation pit dewatering. Acta Geotech 14:141–162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-018-0649-2
Wang JX, He QQ, Yang TL, Hou YS, Wu F, Huang XL, Liu XT, Xue R, Long YX (2021) Mechanism and model of land subsidence affected by multi aquifer in coastal mega city. J Eng Geol 29(S1):176–183. https://doi.org/10.13544/j.cnki.jeg.2021-0485. (in Chinese)
Wu JC, Shi XQ, Ye SJ, Xue YQ, Zhang Y, Yu J (2009) Numerical simulation of land subsidence induced by groundwater overexploitation in Su–Xi–Chang area, China. Environ Geol 57:1409–1421. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-008-1419-5
Wu YX, Shen SL, Xu YS, Yin ZY (2015a) Characteristics of groundwater seepage with cut–off wall in gravel aquifer. I: field observations. Can Geotech J 52(10):1526–1538. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2014-0285
Wu YX, Shen SL, Yin ZY, Xu YS (2015b) Characteristics of groundwater seepage with cut-off wall in gravel aquifer. II: numerical analysis. Can Geotech J 52(10):1539–1549. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2014-0289
Wu YX, Lyu HM, Shen SL, Zhou AN (2020) A three–dimensional fluid–solid coupled numerical modeling of the barrier leakage below the excavation surface due to dewatering. Hydrogeol J 28:1449–1463. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-020-02142-w
Xu YQ, Rui R, Wang JY (2021) Recommended strategies for assessing and managing groundwater dewatering during subsurface construction in sediments adjacent to large river systems: examples from Wuhan in China. Environ Earth Sci 80:69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-020-09363-y
Zeng CF, Zheng G, Xue XL, Mei GX (2018) Combined recharge: a method to prevent ground subsidence induced by redevelopment of recharge wells. J Hydrol 568:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.10.051
Zeng CF, Wang S, Xue XL, Zheng G, Mei GX (2021) Evolution of deep ground subsidence subject to groundwater drawdown during dewatering in a multi–layered aquifer–aquitard system: Insights from numerical modelling. J Hydrol 603:127078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.127078
Zhang Y, Xue YQ, Wu JC, Shi XQ, Yu J (2010) Excessive groundwater withdrawal and resultant land subsidence in the Su–Xi-Chang area, China. Environ Earth Sci 61:1135–1143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-009-0433-6
Zhang YQ, Wang JH, Li MG (2018) Effect of dewatering in a confined aquifer on ground subsidence in deep excavations. Int J Geomech 18(10):04018120. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001233
Funding
This research was funded by the Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Project (18DZ1201301; 19DZ1200900); Key Laboratory of Land Subsidence Monitoring and Prevention, Ministry of Natural Resources of the People’s Republic of China (No. KLLSMP202101); Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project (2021SHZDZX0100) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities; the project of Key Laboratory of Impact and Safety Engineering (Ningbo University), Ministry of Education (CJ202101); Xiamen Road and Bridge Group (XM2017–TZ0151; XM2017–TZ0117); the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41907230); Suzhou Rail Transit Line 1 Co. Ltd; China Railway 15 Bureau Group Co. Ltd.; IGCP Project [grant number 663–La Subsidence in Coastal cities].
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors have not disclosed any competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, J., Yang, T., Wang, G. et al. Control and prevent land subsidence caused by foundation pit dewatering in a coastal lowland megacity: indicator definition, numerical simulation, and regression analysis. Environ Earth Sci 82, 66 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-022-10708-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-022-10708-y