Abstract
Soils in areas surrounding landfills are constantly being enriched by heavy metals contained in the leachates, which can subsequently migrate to groundwater. The present investigation aims to characterize soil properties of 71 soil samples collected in the surroundings of Hulene-B waste dump and to determine the landfill pollution index (Ip). Soils properties studied were texture, pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter, color, and moisture. Results revealed that soils properties in the surroundings of Hulene-B waste dump were significantly altered when compared to local background. Ip index classified these soils with very high pollution, indicating a possible migration of contaminants to subsoil and groundwater, suggesting the need for intervention to mitigate the impact.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Data used is available on the manuscript.
References
Afonso R (1978) A Geologia de Moçambique—Notícia Explicativa da Carta Geológica de Moçambique. Impr Nacional de Moçambique, Maputo (in Portuguese)
Alexakis DE (2021) Multielement contamination of land in the margin of highways. Land 10(3):1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10030230
Alleoni LRF, Iglesias CSM, Mello SDC, Camargo OA, Casagrande JC, Lavorenti NA (2005) Soil attributes related to cadmium and copper adsorption in tropical soils. Acta Sci Agron 27(4):729. https://doi.org/10.4025/actasciagron.v27i4.1348
Altaf R, Altaf S, Hussain M, Shah RU, Ullah R, Ullah MI, Datta R (2021) Heavy metal accumulation by roadside vegetation and implications for pollution control. PLoS ONE 16:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249147
Andaloussi K, Achtak H, Nakhcha C, Haboubi K, Stitou M (2021) Assessment of soil trace metal contamination of an uncontrolled landfill and its vicinity: the case of the city of ‘Targuist’ (Northern Morocco). Moroccan J Chem 9(3):513–529. https://doi.org/10.48317/IMIST.PRSM/morjchem-v9i2.23680
Awa SH, Hadibarata T (2020) Removal of heavy metals in contaminated soil by phytoremediation mechanism: a review. Water Air Soil Pollut. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-020-4426-0
Bernardo B, Candeias C, Rocha F (2022a) Application of geophysics in geo-environmental diagnosis on the surroundings of the Hulene-B waste dump, Maputo Mozambique. J Afr Earth Sci 185:104415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2021.104415
Bernardo B, Candeias C, Rocha F (2022b) Characterization of the dynamics of leachate contamination plumes in the surroundings of the Hulene-B waste dump in Maputo, Mozambique. Environ. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments9020019
Bernardo B, Candeias C, Rocha F (2022c) Integration of electrical resistivity and modified DRASTIC model to assess groundwater vulnerability in the surrounding area of Hulene-B waste dump, Maputo Mozambique. Water 14:1746. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14111746
Campos C (2010) Soil attributes and risk of leaching of heavy metals in tropical soils. Ambiência 6(3):547–565
Chaaou A, Chikhaoui M, Naimi M, Miad A, Achemrk A, Seif-Ennasr M, Harche S (2022) Mapping soil salinity risk using the approach of soil salinity index and land cover: a case study from Tadla plain Morocco. Arab J Geosci 15:722. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-022-10009-5
Chaudhary R, Nain P, Kumar A (2021) Temporal variation of leachate pollution index of Indian landfill sites and associated human health risk. Environ Sci Pollution Res 28(22):28391–28406. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12383-1
Chen H, Wang L, Hu B, Xu J, Liu X (2022) Potential driving forces and probabilistic health risks of heavy metal accumulation in the soils from an e-waste area, southeast China. Chemosphere 289:133182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133182
Choppala G, Kunhikrishnan A, Seshadri B, Hee J, Bush R, Bolan N (2018) Comparative sorption of chromium species as influenced by pH, surface charge and organic matter content in contaminated soils. J Geochem Expl 184:255–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2016.07.012
Chu Z, Zhou A, Ma Y, Zhuang J, Zhang L, Ma J (2020) Comparison of municipal solid waste treatment capacity in China: a tournament graph method. J Mat Cycles Waste Manag 22(6):1913–1921. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-020-01077-4
Civita M, De Maio M (2004) Assessing and mapping groundwater vulnerability to contamination: the Italian “combined” approach. Geof Int 43(4):513–532
Dakheel AAJ, Bashir MJK, Llamas Borrajo JF (2022) Appraisal of groundwater contamination from surface spills of fluids associated with hydraulic fracturing operations. Sci Total Environ 815:152949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.152949
Dregulo AM, Bobylev NG (2020) Heavy metals and arsenic soil contamination resulting from wastewater sludge urban landfill disposal. Polish J Environ Stud 30(1):81–89. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/121989
El Fadili H, Ali MB, Touach N, El Mahi M, ElM L (2022) Ecotoxicological and pre-remedial risk assessment of heavy metals in municipal solid wastes dumpsite impacted soil in morocco. Environ Nanotec Monit Manag 17:100640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2021.100640
Fatoba JO, Eluwole AB, Sanuade OA, Hammed OS, Igboama WN, Amosun JO (2021) Geophysical and geochemical assessments of the environmental impact of Abule-Egba landfill, southwestern Nigeria. Mod Earth Syst Environ 7(2):695–701. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-00991-8
Feng SJ, Wu SJ, Fu WD, Zheng QT, Zhang XL (2021) Slope stability analysis of a landfill subjected to leachate recirculation and aeration considering bio-hydro coupled processes. Geoenviron Disast 8(1):1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40677-021-00201-2
Ferrão DAG (2006) Evaluation of removal and disposal of solid waste in Maputo City, Mozambique. Master’s dissertation. University of Cape Town, Cape Town
Gonçalves F, Correa CZ, Lopes DD, Rodolfo P, Vendrame S, Teixeira RS (2019) Monitoring of the process of waste landfill leachate diffusion in clay and sandy soil. Environ Monit Assess 191(577):1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7720-9
Grisso R, Alley M, Holshouser D, Thomason W (2009) Precision farming tools: soil electrical conductivity. Virginia Coop Ext. https://www.vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/bitstream/handle/10919/51377/442-508.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Helene LPI, Moreira CA (2021) Analysis of leachate generation dynamics in a closed municipal solid waste landfill by means of geophysical data (DC resistivity and self-potential methods). Pure Appl Geoph 178(4):1355–1367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-021-02700-7
Hou D, Connor DO, Nathanail P, Tian L, Ma Y (2017) Integrated GIS and multivariate statistical analysis for regional scale assessment of heavy metal soil contamination : A critical review. Environ Pollution 231:1188–1200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.07.021
Huang B, Yuan Z, Li D, Zheng M, Nie X, Liao Y (2020) Effects of soil particle size on the adsorption, distribution, and migration behaviors of heavy metal(loid)s in soil: a review. Environ Sci Proc Imp 22(8):1596–1615. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0em00189a
Hussein M, Yoneda K, Mohd-Zaki Z, Amir A, Othman N (2021) Heavy metals in leachate, impacted soils and natural soils of different landfills in Malaysia: an alarming threat. Chemosphere. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128874
INE (2020) Boletim de Estatísticas Demográficas e Sociais, Maputo Cidade 2019. Instituto Nacional de Estatistica. http://www.ine.gov.mz/estatisticas/estatisticas-demograficas-e-indicadores-sociais/boletim-de-indicadores-demograficos-22-de-julho-de-2020.pdf/at_download/file
Kapelewska J, Kotowska U, Karpińska J, Astel A, Zieliński P, Suchta J, Algrzym K (2019) Water pollution indicators and chemometric expertise for the assessment of the impact of municipal solid waste landfills on groundwater located in their area. Chem Eng J 359:790–800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.11.137
Kennou B, El Meray M, Romane A, Arjouni Y (2015) Assessment of heavy metal availability (Pb, Cu, Cr, Cd, Zn) and speciation in contaminated soils and sediment of discharge by sequential extraction. Environ Earth Sci 74(7):5849–5858. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-4609-y
Khomiakov DM (2020) Soil is an essential component of the biosphere and the global food system (critical assessment of the situation). Moscow Univ Soil Sci Bull 75(4–5):147–158. https://doi.org/10.3103/s0147687420040055
Kosheleva NE, Vlasov DV, Korlyakov ID, Kasimov NS (2018) Contamination of urban soils with heavy metals in Moscow as affected by building development. Sci Total Environ 636:854–863. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.308
Lee H, Coulon F, Wagland ST (2022) Influence of pH, depth and humic acid on metal and metalloids recovery from municipal solid waste landfills. Sci Total Environ 806:150332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150332
Liu F, Yi S, Ma H, Huang J, Tang Y, Qin J, Zhou W (2019) Risk assessment of groundwater environmental contamination: a case study of a karst site for the construction of a fossil power plant. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26(30):30561–30574. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-1036-5
Lothe AG, Sinha A (2017) Development of model for prediction of Leachate Pollution Index (LPI) in absence of leachate parameters. Waste Manag 63:327–336
Lund ED (2008) Soil electrical conductivity. In: Logsdon S, Clay D, Moore D (eds) Soil science: step-by-step field analysis. American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America, Madison
Makuleke P, Ngole-jeme VM (2020) Soil heavy metal distribution with depth around a closed landfill and their uptake by Datura stramonium. Appl Environ Soil Sci. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8872475
Mancini IM, Sdao F, Masi S, D'Ecclesiis G (1999) Hydrogeological pollution risk from solid waste: defining landfill siting criteria and reclamation priority. Proceeding of 7° International landfill symposium, 4–8 October, Cagliari, Italy, pp 579–588
Mama CN, Nnaji CC, Nnam JP, Opata OC (2021) Environmental burden of unprocessed solid waste handling in Enugu State, Nigeria. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28(15):19439–19457. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-12265-y
Momade FJ, Ferrara M, Oliveira JT (1996) Notícia explicativa da carta geológica 2532 Maputo (Escala 1:50 000). Maputo (in Portuguese)
Morita AKM, Pelinson NS, Wendland E (2020) Persistent impacts of an abandoned non-sanitary landfill in its surroundings. Environ Monit Assess 192(7):1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-08451-7
Muchangos A (1999) Paisagens e Regiões Naturais de Moçambique, pp 5–163. https://docplayer.com.br/47220681-Mocambique-paisagens-e-regioes-naturais.html. Accessed 6 Mar 2022
Munsell Color (2009) Munsell soil color book; color charts; munsell colour company. Inc.: Newburgh, NY, USA, 2009
Nadiri AA, Sedghi Z, Khatibi R, Gharekhani M (2017) Mapping vulnerability of multiple aquifers using multiple models and fuzzy logic to objectively derive model structures. Sci Total Environ 593–594:75–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.109
Naveed M, Bukhari SS, Mustafa A, Ditta A, Alamri S, El-Esawi MA et al (2020) Mitigation of nickel toxicity and growth promotion in sesame through the application of a bacterial endophyte and zeolite in nickel contaminated soil. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17(23):1–27. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238859
Naveen BP, Mahapatra DM, Sitharam TG, Sivapullaiah PV, Ramachandra TV (2017) Physico-chemical and biological characterization of urban municipal landfill leachate. Environ Pollut 220:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.09.002
Nisari AR, Sujatha CH (2021) Assessment of trace metal contamination in the Kol wetland, a Ramsar site, Southwest coast of India. Regional Stud Marine Sci 47:101953. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2021.101953
O’Riordan R, Davies J, Stevens C, Quinton JN, Boyko C (2021) The ecosystem services of urban soils: a review. Geoderma 395:115076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2021.115076
Odom F, Gikunoo E, Arthur EK, Agyemang F, Mensah-Darkwa K (2021) Stabilization of heavy metals in soil and leachate at Dompoase landfill site in Ghana. Environ Challenges 5:100308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2021.100308
Palalane J, Segala IO (2008) Urbanização e desenvolvimento municipal em Moçambique: gestão de resíduos sólidos. https://www.limpezapublica.com.br/urbanizacao-e-desenvolvimento-municipal-em-mocambique-capitulo-gestao-de-residuos-solidos/
Parvin F, Tareq SM (2021) Impact of landfill leachate contamination on surface and groundwater of Bangladesh: a systematic review and possible public health risks assessment. Appl Water Sci 11(6):1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-021-01431-3
Przydatek G, Kanownik W (2021) Physicochemical indicators of the influence of a lined municipal landfill on groundwater quality: a case study from Poland. Environ Earth Sci 80(13):1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-021-09743-y
Rapti D, Masi S, Sdao F (2021) SIVRAD: an integrated system for the assessment of the environmental risk from solid waste landfills—guidelines. Acque Sotterranee Ital J Groundw 10(2):49–62. https://doi.org/10.7343/as-2021-507
Rapti-Caputo D, Sdao F, Masi S (2006) Pollution risk assessment based on hydrogeological data and management of solid waste landfills. Eng Geol 85:122–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2005.09.033
Reeuwijk L (2002) Procedures for soil analysis, 6th edn. International Soil Reference and Information Centre, Wageningen
Saentho A, Wisawapipat W, Lawongsa P, Aramrak S, Prakongkep N, Klysubun W, Christl I (2022) Speciation and pH- and particle size-dependent solubility of phosphorus in tropical sandy soils. Geoderma 408:115590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2021.115590
Salam A, Bashir S, Khan I, Hussain Q, Gao R, Hu H (2019) Biochar induced Pb and Cu immobilization, phytoavailability attenuation in Chinese cabbage, and improved biochemical properties in naturally co-contaminated soil. J Soils Sed 19:2381–2392. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-019-02250-5 (SOILS)
Sarmento L, Tokai A, Hanashima A (2015) Analyzing the structure of barriers to municipal solid waste management policy planning in Maputo city, Mozambique. Environ Develop 16:76–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2015.07.002
Seidl M, Le Roux J, Mazerolles R, Bousserrhine N (2021) Assessment of leaching risk of trace metals, PAHs and PCBs from a brownfield located in a flooding zone. Environ Sci Pollut Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15491-0
Serra C (2012) Da problemática Ambiental à mudança: rumo à um mundo melhor. Escolar Editora, Forte da Casa
Škrbić B, Đurišić-Mladenović N (2010) Chemometric interpretation of heavy metal patterns in soils worldwide. Chemosphere 80(11):1360–1369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.06.010
Soubra G, Massoud MA, Alameddine I, Al Hindi M, Sukhn C (2021) Assessing the environmental risk and pollution status of soil and water resources in the vicinity of municipal solid waste dumpsites. Environ Monit Assess 193(12):1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-09640-8
Sparling GP (2020) Soil quality indicators. Manag Soils Terrest Syst. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429346255-44
Stefania GA, Rotiroti M, Buerge IJ, Zanotti C, Nava V, Leoni B, Bonomi T (2019) Identification of groundwater pollution sources in a landfill site using artificial sweeteners, multivariate analysis and transport modeling. Waste Manag 95:116–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.06.010
Tenodi S, Krčmar D, Agbaba J, Zrnić K, Radenović M, Ubavin D, Dalmacija B (2020) Assessment of the environmental impact of sanitary and unsanitary parts of a municipal solid waste landfill. J Environ Manag. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.110019
USDA (2001) Rangeland soil quality—organic matter. United States Department of Agriculture. http://www.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/glti. Accessed 27 April 2022
USDA (2011). Soil quality indicators. United States Department of Agriculture. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/health/assessment/?cid=stelprdb1237387. Accessed 2 Mar 2022
USDA (2014). Soil health—electrical conductivity. United States Department of Agriculture. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_052803.pdf. Accessed 3 Feb 2022
Vicente EM, Jermy CA, Schreiner HD (2006) Urban geology of Maputo, Mocambique. Geol Soc London 338:1–13
Victor KK, Adjiri AO, Clement KK, Emilie KK, Honore KC (2019) Physical characterization of the superficial layers of Akouedo Landfill, Ivory Coast and assessment of heavy metals pollution risk of the underlying aquifer. J Environ Sci Pollut Res 5(3):361–363. https://doi.org/10.30799/jespr.173.19050303
Wijekoon P, Koliyabandara PA, Cooray AT, Lam SS, Athapattu BCL, Vithanage M (2022) Progress and prospects in mitigation of landfill leachate pollution: risk, pollution potential, treatment and challenges. J Hazard Mat 421:126627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126627
Wu L, Zhan L, Lan J, Chen Y, Zhang S, Li J, Liao G (2021) Leachate migration investigation at an unlined landfill located in granite region using borehole groundwater TDS profiles. Engin Geol 292:106259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2021.106259
Yap CK, Chew W, Al-mutairi KA, Nulit R, Ibrahim MH, Wong KW et al (2022) Assessments of the ecological and health risks of potentially toxic metals in the topsoils of different land uses: a case study in Peninsular Malaysia. Biology. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11010002
Zamulina IV, Gorovtsov AV, Minkina TM, Mandzhieva SS, Burachevskaya MV, Bauer TV (2021) Soil organic matter and biological activity under long-term contamination with copper. Environ Geochy Health. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-021-01044-4
Zeitoun R, Vandergeest M, Vasava HB, Machado PVF, Jordan S, Parkin G et al (2021) In-situ estimation of soil water retention curve in silt loam and loamy sand soils at different soil depths. Sensors 21(2):1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21020447
Zhang M, Reardon EJ (2003) Removal of B, Cr, Mo, and Se from wastewater by incorporation into hydrocalumite and ettringite. Environ Sci Techn 37(13):2947–2952. https://doi.org/10.1021/es020969i
Zhang J, Zhang J, Xing B, Liu G, Liang Y (2021) Study on the effect of municipal solid landfills on groundwater by combining the models of variable leakage rate, leachate concentration, and contaminant solute transport. J Environ Manag 292:112815. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112815
Zimik HV, Farooq SH, Prusty P (2021) Source characterization of trace elements and assessment of heavy metal contamination in the soil around Tarabalo geothermal field, Odisha, India. Arabian J Geosc 14(11):1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-07366-y
Funding
This work was partially supported by GeoBioTec (UID/GEO/ 04035/2019 + UIDB/04035/2020) Research Centre, funded by FEDER funds through the Operational Program Competitiveness Factors COMPETE and by National funds through FCT. The first author acknowledges grant from the Portuguese Institute Camões and FNI (Investigation National Fund—Mozambique).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Conceptualization, BB, CC, FR; methodology, BB, CC; validation, BB, FR, CC; formal analysis, BB, CC; investigation, BB, CC, FR; writing—original draft preparation, BB; writing—review and editing, BB, FR, CC; supervision, FR, CC; funding acquisition, BB and FR. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Bernardo, B., Candeias, C. & Rocha, F. Soil properties and environmental risk assessment of soils in the surrounding area of Hulene-B waste dump, Maputo (Mozambique). Environ Earth Sci 81, 542 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-022-10672-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-022-10672-7