Abstract
Basalts have a wide range of porosity and pore size. Understanding the spatial and geometry characteristics of basalt pores is vital to studying their mechanical and physical properties. In this study, the geometry, shape, size, and distribution of basalt pores were obtained by the computed tomography (CT) scan. In addition, the realistic failure process analysis code (RFPA3D-digital), combined with high-resolution CT images, digital image processing technology, and parallel computing technology, was applied to reconstruct 3D models that could reflect the actual pore structure of the basalt specimens. The element size of the numerical models can be as small as 1/3 mm. Direct tension and Brazilian disc tests were performed on the numerical models to study the mechanical properties and crack evolution mechanism. The damage types were also analyzed based on the acoustic emission events recorded in the Brazilian disc and direct tension tests. The results indicated that the porosity (5.14–26.17%), pore sizes, and spatial distributions of pores affected the final failure modes and tensile strengths in the uniaxial tension and Brazilian disc tests. With increasing porosity, the tensile strength of basalt specimens tended to decrease. It was found that the tensile strengths measured by the Brazilian disc tests were usually larger than those by direct tension tests because of the different failure modes and crack propagation processes of the two test methods. The results of this study are significant for gaining insight into the mechanical properties and crack evolution behaviors of basalts under various conditions.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Akai T, Alhammadi AM, Blunt MJ, Bijeljic B (2018) Modeling oil recovery in mixed-wet rocks: pore-scale comparison between experiment and simulation. Transp Porous Media 127(2):393–414. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11242-018-1198-8
Aliabadian Z, Zhao GF, Russell AR (2019) Failure, crack initiation and the tensile strength of transversely isotropic rock using the Brazilian test. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 122:104073. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2019.104073
Bahaaddini M, Serati M, Masoumi H, Rahimi E (2019) Numerical assessment of rupture mechanisms in Brazilian test of brittle materials. Int J Solids Struct 180–181:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2019.07.004
Bai QS, Tu SH, Zhang C (2016) DEM investigation of the fracture mechanism of rock disc containing hole(s) and its influence on tensile strength. Theor Appl Fract Mech 86:197–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tafmec.2016.07.005
Bubeck A, Walker RJ, Healy D, Dobbs M, Holwell DA (2017) Pore geometry as a control on rock strength. Earth Planet Sci Lett 457:38–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.09.050
Davy CA, Adler PM (2017) Three-scale analysis of the permeability of a natural shale. Phys Rev E 96(6):063116. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.96.063116
Du F, Wang K, Zhang G, Zhang Y, Zhang G, Wang G (2022) Damage characteristics of coal under different loading modes based on CT three-dimensional reconstruction. Fuel 310:122304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.122304
Gonzalez RC, Woods RE (2018) Digital image processing, 4th edn. Pearson, New York
Griffiths L, Heap MJ, Xu T, Chen CF, Baud P (2017) The influence of pore geometry and orientation on the strength and stiffness of porous rock. J Struct Geol 96:149–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2017.02.006
Haines TJ, Neilson JE, Healy D, Michie EAH, Aplin AC (2015) The impact of carbonate texture on the quantification of total porosity by image analysis. Comput Geosci 85:112–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2015.08.016
Hajizadeh A, Safekordi A, Farhadpour FA (2011) A multiple-point statistics algorithm for 3D pore space reconstruction from 2D images. Adv Water Resour 34(10):1256–1267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2011.06.003
Heap MJ, Xu T, Chen C (2014) The influence of porosity and vesicle size on the brittle strength of volcanic rocks and magma. Bull Volcanol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-014-0856-0
Huang Y, Yang Z, Ren W, Liu G, Zhang C (2015) 3D meso-scale fracture modelling and validation of concrete based on in-situ X-ray Computed Tomography images using damage plasticity model. Int J Solids Struct 67–68:340–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2015.05.002
Huang Y, Yan D, Yang Z, Liu G (2016) 2D and 3D homogenization and fracture analysis of concrete based on in-situ X-ray Computed Tomography images and Monte Carlo simulations. Eng Fract Mech 163:37–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2016.06.018
Iwamori A, Takagi H, Asahi N, Sugimori T, Nakata E, Nohara S, Ueta K (2021) Quantitative determination of the lowest density domain in major fault zones via medical X-ray computed tomography. Prog Earth Planet Sci 8:54. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40645-021-00442-7
Ju Y, Yang Y, Peng R, Mao L (2013) Effects of pore structures on static mechanical properties of sandstone. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 139(10):1745–1755. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000893
Ju Y, Zheng J, Epstein M, Sudak L, Wang J, Zhao X (2014) 3D numerical reconstruction of well-connected porous structure of rock using fractal algorithms. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 279:212–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cma.2014.06.035
Kamel KEM, Gerard P, Colliat JB, Massart TJ (2022) Modelling stress-induced permeability alterations in sandstones using CT scan-based representations of the pore space morphology. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 150:104998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2021.104998
Kim K, Makhnenko RY (2020) Coupling between poromechanical behavior and fluid flow in tight rock. Transp Porous Media 135(2):487–512. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11242-020-01484-z
Li G, Liang ZZ, Tang CA (2015) Morphologic interpretation of rock failure mechanisms under uniaxial compression based on 3D multiscale high-resolution numerical modeling. Rock Mech Rock Eng 48(6):2235–2262. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-014-0698-2
Li H, Li H, Wang K, Chuang L (2018) Effect of rock composition microstructure and pore characteristics on its rock mechanics properties. Int J Min Sci Technol 28(2):303–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmst.2017.12.008
Liang ZZ, Xing H, Wang SY, Williams DJ, Tang CA (2012) A three-dimensional numerical investigation of the fracture of rock specimens containing a pre-existing surface flaw. Comput Geotech 45:19–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2012.04.011
Liu J, Chen L, Wang C, Man K, Wang L, Wang J, Su R (2014) Characterizing the mechanical tensile behavior of Beishan granite with different experimental methods. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 69:50–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2014.03.007
Lu Y, Chen X, Tang J, Li H, Zhou L, Han S, Ge Z, Xia B, Shen H, Zhang J (2019) Relationship between pore structure and mechanical properties of shale on supercritical carbon dioxide saturation. Energy 172:270–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.01.063
Mehmani A, Milliken K, Prodanović M (2019) Predicting flow properties in diagenetically-altered media with multi-scale process-based modeling: a Wilcox Formation case study. Mar Pet Geol 100:179–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2018.09.001
Meng Q, Wu K, Zhou H, Qin Q, Wang C (2022) Mesoscopic damage evolution of coral reef limestone based on real-time CT scanning. Eng Geol 2022:106781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2022.106781
Mousavi M, Prodanovic M, Jacobi D (2013) New classification of carbonate rocks for process-based pore-scale modeling. SPE J 18(02):243–263. https://doi.org/10.2118/163073-PA
Perras MA, Diederichs MS (2014) A review of the tensile strength of rock: concepts and testing. Geotech Geol Eng 32:525–546. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-014-9732-0
Rabbani A, Ayatollahi S, Kharrat R, Dashti N (2016) Estimation of 3-D pore network coordination number of rocks from watershed segmentation of a single 2-D image. Adv Water Resour 94:264–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2016.05.020
Rastegarnia A, Lashkaripour GR, Sharifi Teshnizi E, Ghafoori M (2021) Evaluation of engineering characteristics and estimation of static properties of clay-bearing rocks. Environ Earth Sci 80:621. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-021-09914-x
Rezaei A, Abdollahi H, Derikvand Z, Hemmati-Sarapardeh A, Mosavi A, Nabipour N (2020) Insights into the effects of pore size distribution on the flowing behavior of carbonate rocks: linking a nano-based enhanced oil recovery method to rock typing. Nanomaterials 10(5):972. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10050972
Różański A, Różańska A, Sobótka M, Pachnicz M, Bukowska M (2021) Identification of changes in mechanical properties of sandstone subjected to high temperature: meso-and micro-scale testing and analysis. Arch Civ Mech Eng 21(1):1–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43452-021-00187-6
Sabatakakis N, Koukis G, Tsiambaos G, Papanakh S (2008) Index properties and strength variation controlled by microstructure for sedimentary rocks. Eng Geol 97(1–2):80–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2007.12.004
Saraf S, Bera A (2021) A review on pore-scale modeling and CT scan technique to characterize the trapped carbon dioxide in impermeable reservoir rocks during sequestration. Renew Sust Energ Rev 144:110986. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.110986
Schaefer LN, Kendrick JE, Oommen T, Lavallée Y, Chigna G (2015) Geomechanical rock properties of a basaltic volcano. Front Earth Sci 3:29. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2015.00029
Serati M, Roshan H, Mirzaghorbanali A, Mahmoud MEA, Valluru T (2021) Fracture propagation mode of coal under indirect tensile stresses. Resource operators conference
Shang J, Hencher SR, West LJ (2016) Tensile strength of geological discontinuities including incipient bedding, rock joints and mineral veins. Rock Mech Rock Eng 49(11):4213–4225. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-016-1041-x
Sun H, Belhaj H, Tao G, Vega S, Liu L (2019) Rock properties evaluation for carbonate reservoir characterization with multi-scale digital rock images. J Pet Sci Eng 175:654–664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2018.12.075
Sun X, Li X, Zheng B, Zheng B, He J, Mao T (2020) Study on the progressive fracturing in soil and rock mixture under uniaxial compression conditions by CT scanning. Eng Geol 279:105884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2020.105884
Tahmasebi P, Kamrava S (2018) Rapid multiscale modeling of flow in porous media. Phys Rev E 98(5):052901. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.98.052901
Tang CA, Liu H, Lee PKK, Tsui Y, Tham LG (2000) Numerical studies of the influence of microstructure on rock failure in uniaxial compression part I: effect of heterogeneity. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 37(4):555–569. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1365-1609(99)00121-5
Tang CA, Lin P, Wong RHC, Chau KT (2001) Analysis of crack coalescence in rock-like materials containing three flaws Part II: numerical approach. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 38(7):925–939. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1365-1609(01)00065-X
Tang M, Wang G, Chen S, Yang C (2021) Crack initiation stress of brittle rock with different porosities. Bull Eng Geol Environ 80(6):4559–4574. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-021-02187-5
Taud H, Martinez-Angeles R, Parrot JF, Hernandez-Escobedo L (2005) Porosity estimation method by X-ray computed tomography. J Petrol Sci Eng 47:209–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2005.03.009
Tavallali A, Vervoort A (2010) Effect of layer orientation on the failure of layered sandstone under Brazilian test conditions. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 47(2):313–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2010.01.001
Tordesillas A, Kahagalage S, Ras C, Nitka M, Tejchman J (2020) Coupled evolution of preferential paths for force and damage in the pre-failure regime in disordered and heterogeneous, quasi-brittle granular materials. Front Mater 7:79. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2020.00079
Van Mier JGM (1996) Fracture process of concrete. CRC Press, New York
Wang YS, Deng JH, Li LR, Zhang ZH (2019a) Micro-failure analysis of direct and flat loading Brazilian tensile tests. Rock Mech Rock Eng 52(11):4175–4187. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-019-01877-7
Wang Y, Li CH, Hou ZQ (2019b) Mechanical behaviors of bimsoils during triaxial deformation revealed using real-time ultrasonic detection and post-test CT image analysis. Arab J Geosci 12:10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-018-4179-x
Wang Y, Han JQ, Li CH (2020) Acoustic emission and CT investigation on fracture evolution of granite containing two flaws subjected to freeze-thaw and cyclic uniaxial increasing-amplitude loading conditions. Constr Build Mater 260:119769. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119769
Wu N, Liang ZZ, Zhang ZH, Li SH, Lang YX (2022) Development and verification of three-dimensional equivalent discrete fracture network modelling based on the finite element method. Eng Geol 306(5):106759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2022.106759
Yan Z, Dai F, Liu Y, Wei M, You W (2021) New insights into the fracture mechanism of flattened Brazilian disc specimen using digital image correlation. Eng Fract Mech 252:107810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2021.107810
Yu Q, Yang S, Ranjith PG, Zhu W, Yang T (2016) Numerical modeling of jointed rock under compressive loading using X-ray computerized tomography. Rock Mech Rock Eng 49(3):877–891. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-015-0800-4
Yu Q, Liu H, Yang T, Liu H (2018) 3D numerical study on fracture process of concrete with different ITZ properties using X-ray computerized tomography. Int J Solids Struct 147:204–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2018.05.026
Zalooli A, Khamehchiyan M, Nikudel MR (2018) The quantification of total and effective porosities in travertines using PIA and saturation-buoyancy methods and the implication for strength and durability. Bull Eng Geol Environ 77(4):1739–1751. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-017-1072-x
Zhou XP, Jiang DC, Zhao Z (2022) Digital evaluation of micro-pore water effects on mechanical and damage characteristics of sandstone subjected to uniaxial, cyclic loading-unloading compression by 3D reconstruction technique. Rock Mech Rock Eng 55:147–167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-021-02662-1
Zhu JB, Zhou T, Liao ZY, Sun L, Li XB, Chen R (2018) Replication of internal defects and investigation of mechanical and fracture behaviour of rock using 3D printing and 3D numerical methods in combination with X-ray computerized tomography. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 106:198–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2018.04.022
Funding
This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant nos. 41977219, 51779031).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Lang, Y., Liang, Z., Dong, Z. et al. Mechanical behavior of porous rock based on the 3D digital image reconstruction and parallel computation. Environ Earth Sci 81, 438 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-022-10566-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-022-10566-8