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Assessment of the eco-geomorphological conditions of Udmurtia, European Russia

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Abstract

Udmurtia located in the European part of Russia was chosen for assessment eco-geomorphological conditions, because it is well-developed region (ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, machine-building and oil production) with a quite high population density. A combined approach, based on standard geomorphological methods (field work, remote sensing and GIS technologies) and the analysis of time–space population distribution, was used. This paper attempts to show the role of relief in forming a living environment. It can both improve and worsen a living environment. Relief influences the modern settlement in Udmurtia. Watersheds are the natural boundary not only between river basins, but also between districts with different density of rural population. The density of the rural population increases from the hilltops and to the valley bottoms in almost all river basins. Udmurtia is located in a relatively comfortable eco-geomorphological conditions, where environment characteristics are safe for a life, formation of an adequate level of health in accordance with sanitary standards and expert assessments. 63% of the total square is comfortable and relatively comfortable conditions. 37% of the square is poorly comfortable and uncomfortable conditions, where the relief worsens ecological conditions. It is mainly southeastern part of Udmurtia. Two out of 15 geomorphological provinces (the Central Udmurt Lowland and the Sarapul Upland) with uncomfortable eco-geomorphological conditions display a high population density. In spite of the prevalence of comfortable and relatively comfortable living conditions, most people of Udmurtia live under uncomfortable conditions.

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Funding

Aino Kirillova and Osip Kokin did not receive support from any organization for the submitted work. Emma Likhacheva was supported by Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences (State Assignment N 01-2019-0005).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department for Applied Marine and Water Management Research, Zubov State Oceanographic Institute, Kropotkinkiy lane, 6, 119034, Moscow, Russia

    Aino Kirillova

  2. Laboratory of Geomorphology, Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1st Hvostov lane, 13/4, 119180, Moscow, Russia

    Emma Likhacheva

  3. Laboratory of Geoecology of the Northern Territories, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1, 119991, Moscow, Russia

    Osip Kokin

Authors
  1. Aino Kirillova
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  2. Emma Likhacheva
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  3. Osip Kokin
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by AK. The first draft of the manuscript was written by AK and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Aino Kirillova.

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Kirillova, A., Likhacheva, E. & Kokin, O. Assessment of the eco-geomorphological conditions of Udmurtia, European Russia. Environ Earth Sci 81, 196 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-022-10323-x

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