Abstract
Magnetic methods are simple, quick, and cost-effective for detecting the degree of pollution. The prime objective of this study was to determine the magnetic susceptibility in the soil samples of Tiruvannamalai district in Tamil Nadu to identify the pollution and sources of pollution from anthropogenic sources or natural sources using magnetic susceptibility studies and rigorous statistical analysis. Using standard protocol and procedure, the physicochemical properties such as percentage of sand, silt, clay, pH and electrical conductivity in the soil samples were determined. The findings of the study reveal that sand was the dominant particle size in samples, followed by silt and then clay. In the laboratory, magnetic susceptibility at low and high frequencies (χlf and χhf) as well as frequency-dependent magnetic susceptibility (χfd) were determined. The mean value of low- and high-frequency magnetic susceptibility is found to be 273.38 × 10−8 m3 kg−1 and 270.50 × 10−8 m3 kg−1, respectively. In some locations, the magnetic enhancement value suggests a high concentration of ferrimagnetic minerals in the soil. Multivariate statistical analysis, such as factor analysis, Pearson correlation, and cluster analysis was used to determine the role of physicochemical parameters on magnetic susceptibilities and the identification of pollution sources. This analysis revealed that magnetic susceptibility can be used as a proxy for determining pollution in the soil. These methods emphasize that magnetic susceptibility studies broaden the spectrum of research in the field of magnetic studies on urban and industrial pollution.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Arulrajah A, Disfani MM, Horpibulsuk S, Suksiripattanapong C, Prongmanee N (2014) Physical properties and shear strength responses of recycled construction and demolition materials in unbound pavement base/subbase applications. Constr Build Mater 58:245–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.02.025
Bouhsane N, Bouhlassa S (2018) Assessing magnetic susceptibility profiles of topsoils under different occupations. Geophys J Int. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9481405
Cabalar AF, Abdulnafaa MD, Karabash Z (2016) Influences of various construction and demolition materials on the behavior of a clay. Environ Earth Sci 75:841. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-016-5631-4
Cabalar AF, Ibrahim AI, Abdulcabbar Y (2020) Use of zinc coated steel CNC milling waste for road pavement subgrade. Transp Geotech 23:100342
Canbay M (2010) Investigation of the relation between heavy metal contamination of soil and its magnetic susceptibility. Int J Phys Sci 5:393–400
Chaturvedi RK, Raghubanshi AS (2015) Assessment of carbon density and accumulation in mono-and multi-specific stands in Teak and Sal forests of a tropical dry region in India. For Ecol Manag 339:11–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2014.12.002
Dankoub Z, Ayoubi S, Khademi H, Lu SG (2012) Spatial distribution of magnetic properties and selected heavy metals as affected by land use in Calcareous soils of the Isfahan Region. Cent Iran Pedosphere 22(1):33–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(11)60189-6
Dearing JA (1999) Environmental magnetic susceptibility, using the Bartington MS2 system, 2nd edn. Chi Publishing, London
Dearing JA, Dann RJL, Hay K (1996) Frequency-dependent susceptibility measurements of environmental materials. Geophys J Int 124(1):228–240. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1996.tb06366.x
Devanesan E, Chandrasekaran A, Sivakumar S, Freny Joy KM, Najam LA, Ravisankar R (2020) Magnetic susceptibility as a proxy for heavy metal pollution in sediment. Iran J Sci Technol Trans A Sci 44:875–888. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40995-020-00865-9
DSH, (District Statistical Handbook) (2019–2020) Department of Economics and Statistics, Tiruvannamalai, Government of Tamil Nadu; released by the District Collectorate, Tiruvannamalai District, Tamil Nadu
Fullen MA, Fearnehough W, Mitchell DJ, Trueman IC (2007) Desert reclamation using Yellow river irrigation water in Ningxia, China. Soil Use Manag 11:77–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1995.tb00500.x
Ganesh D, Eswaran P, Senthilkumar G, Bramha SN, Chandrasekaran S, Ravisankar R (2020) A quantitative study of natural uranium present in ground water of Tiruvannamalai district of India. Iran J Sci Technol Trans A Sci 45:545–555. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40995-020-01011-1
Ganesh D, Senthilkumar G, Eswaran P, Balakrishnan M, Bramha SN, Chandrasekaran S, Ravisankar R (2021) A peep into the state of ground water quality in the district of Tiruvannamalai, Tamil Nadu, India, from a radiological and chemical toxicity perspective. Appl Water Sci 11:83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-021-01411-7
Harikrishnan N, Chandrasekaran A, Ravisankar R, Alagarsamy R (2018) Statistical assessment to magnetic susceptibility and heavy metal data for characterizing the coastal sediment of East coast of Tamilnadu, India. Appl Radiat Isot 135:177–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2018.01.030
Hu XF, Su Y, Ye R, Li XQ, Zhang GL (2007) Magnetic properties of the urban soils in shanghai and their environmental implications. CATENA 70:428–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2006.11.010
Jordanova NV, Jordanova DV, Veneva L, Yorova K, Petrovsky E (2003) Magnetic response of soils and vegetation to heavy metal pollution—a case study. Environ Sci Technol 37:4417–4424. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0200645
Karimi R, Ayoubi S, Jalalian A, Sheikh-Hosseini AR, Ahmad J, Afyuni M (2011) Relationships between magnetic susceptibility and heavy metals in urban topsoils in the arid region of Isfahan, Central Iran. J Appl Geophys 74:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2011.02.009
Lal R, Shukla MK (2004) Principles of soil physics. Marcel Dekker, New York
Liu Q, Torrent J, Maher BA (2005) Quantifying grain size distribution of pedogenic magnetic particles in Chinese loess and its significance for pedogenesis. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 110(B11102):1–7. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JB003726
Lu SG, Bai SQ (2006) Study on the correlation of magnetic properties and heavy metals content in urban soils of Hangzhou City, China. J Appl Geophys 60:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2005.11.002
Maher BA (1986) Characterisation of soils by mineral magnetic measurements. Phys Earth Planet Int 42(1–2):76–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9201(86)80010-3
Maher BA, Thompson R (1999) Palaeomonsoons I: the magnetic record of palaeoclimate in the terrestrial loess and palaeosol sequences in quaternary climates, environments and magnetism. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 81–125. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511535635.004
Naimi S, Ayoubi S (2013) Vertical and horizontal distribution of magnetic susceptibility and metal contents in an industrial district of Central Iran. J Appl Geophys 96:55–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2013.06.012
Newson M (1988) Environmental magnetism by Roy Thompson and Frank Oldfield, Allen and Unwin, London 1986. No. of pages: 227. Earth Surf Proc Land 13:94–95
Osakwe SA, Okolie LP (2015) Physicochemical characteristics and heavy metals contents in soils and cassava plants from farmlands along a major highway in Delta State, Nigeria. J Appl Sci Environ Manag 19(4):695–704. https://doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v19i4.18
Osman KT (2013) Chemical properties of soil. Springer, Amsterdam, pp 97–111
Otto M (1998) Multivariate methods. In: Kellner R, Mermet JM, Widmer HM (eds) Analytical chemistry. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, p 1998
Rahman MA, Ishiqa H (2012) Trace metal concentrations in tidal flat coastal sediments, Yamaguchi Prefecture, southwest Japan. Environ Monit Assess 184:5755–5771. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-011-2379-x
Ramasamy V, Paramasivam K, Suresh G, Jose MT (2014) Role of sediment characteristics on natural radiation level of the Vaigai river sediment, Tamilnadu, India. J Environ Radioact 127:64–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2013.09.010
Ravisankar R, Tholkappain M, Chandrasekaran A, Eswaran P, El-Taher A (2019) Effects of Physico chemical properties on heavy metal, magnetic susceptibility and natural radionuclides in Chennai coastal sediment of East Coast of Tamilnadu. Appl Water Sci 9:151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-019-1031-8
Report No ESSO/IMD/HS/R.F. REPORT/02 (2014)/18, Rainfall statistics of India 2013, India Meteorological Department (Ministry of Earth Sciences) by Surinder Kaur and MK Purohit
Sadiki A, Ali F, Navas A, Bouhlassa S (2009) Using magnetic susceptibility to assess soil degradation in the Eastern Rif, Morocco. Earth Surf Process Landf 34(15):2057–2069. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1891
Senthil Kumar CK, Chandrasekaran A (2020) Multivariate statistical tool to analyse the environmental magnetic data in Ponnai River Sand, Tamil Nadu. Environ Earth Sci 79:497. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-020-09241-7
Shivanna AM, Nagendrappa G (2014) Chemical analysis of soil samples to evaluate the soil fertility status of selected command areas of three tanks in Tiptur Taluk of Karnataka, India. IOSR J Appl Chem 7(11):01–05
Singer A, Schwertmann U, Friedl J (1998) Iron oxide mineralogy of Terre Rosse and Rendzinas in relation to their moisture and temperature regimes. Eur J Soil Sci 49:385–395. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.1998.4930385.x
Sonaye SY, Baxi RN (2012) Particle size measurement and analysis of flour. Int J Eng Res Appl 2(3):1839–1842
Tholkappain M, Chandrasekaran A, Harikrishnan N, Devanesan E, Ganesh D, Ravisankar R (2019) Application of magnetic susceptibility in source identification of heavy metal pollution in sediment of Chennai coast, Tamilnadu, India using multivariate statistical approach. J Rad Nucl Appl 4(1):15–23
Thompson R, Oldfield F (1986) Environmental magnetism, Allen, Unwin. Springer, London
Yang T, Liu Q, Chan L, Cao G (2007) Magnetic investigation of heavy metals contamination in urban topsoils around the East Lake, Wuhan, China. Geophys J Int 171:603–612. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03558.x
Zhang C, Qiao Q, Piper JDA, Huang B (2011) Assessment of heavy metal pollution from a Fe-smelting plant in urban river sediments using environmental magnetic and geochemical methods. Environ Pollut 159:3057–3070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.04.006
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Murthuza, K.M., Surumbarkuzhali, N., Narasimhan, C.L. et al. Magnetic and soil parameters as a potential indicator of soil pollution in the district of Tiruvannamalai, Tamil Nadu, India. Environ Earth Sci 81, 75 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-022-10196-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-022-10196-0