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A survey of modeling for water quality prediction of Gharasou River, Kermanshah, Iran

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Abstract

Water quality models survey and predict changes in the water quality parameters with the optimized monitoring costs. The Gharasou River is the primary resource of water supply for the Karkheh River Basin (KRB), the third-greatest and most productive basin in Iran. This paper reviewed the estimation of water quality of the Gharasou River by W-ANN, QUAL2K, MPSIAC, WEPP, SWAT, SRM, AWBM, HBV, SDSM, and ANN models. The results of the QUAL2K simulation showed the rapid increases of BOD, TN, and TP in the Sahra Company site. The SRM and AWBM could simulate monthly runoff. The results also showed that the SWAT model simulated monthly runoff reasonably in some studies but weakly in another. Results indicated that W-ANN could estimate accurately EC (r = 0.996) and TDS (r = 0.999). The HBV model could simulate ETa reasonably in the KRB. The MPSIAC model estimated the erosion rates of 4.47, 16.60, and 18.57 t ha−1 yr−1in the agriculture area, rangeland, and forest, respectively. The WEPP model predicted the runoff accurately especially in the slope of 25%, but under-estimated soil erosion in the slopes of 35% and 45%. SDSM and ANN models showed a significant reduction of streamflow of − 3.7 and − 9.47 m3 s−1, respectively. While these models predict + 0.58 and + 0.48 °C increases in temperature, they forecast − 0.1 and − 0.4 mm decreases in daily rainfall, respectively. This review provides a more accurate and comprehensive picture of the Gharasou River Basin circumstances using publications that modeled water quality of the Gharasou River Basin, regarded as a basin-scale or sub-basin of the KRB.

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Abbreviations

KRB:

Karkheh River Basin

ANN:

Artificial neural network

W-ANN:

Wavelet-artificial neural network

EC:

Electrical conductivity

TDS:

Total dissolved solids

SAR:

Sodium absorption ratio

MAE:

Mean absolute error

BOD:

Biochemical oxygen demand

RMSE:

Root mean square error

ENS :

Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient

SWAT:

Soil and Water Assessment Tool model

HBV:

Hydrologiska Byrans Vattenavdelning model

PSIAC:

Pacific Southwest Inter-Agency Committee

MPSIAC:

Modified PSIAC

WEPP:

Water Erosion Prediction Project

TSS:

Total suspended solid

SDSM:

Statistical Downscaling Model

SCE:

Shuffled complex evolution

SRM:

Snowmelt Runoff Model

AWBM:

Australian Water Balance Model

GA:

Genetic Algorithm

SMA:

Simple Model Average

WAM:

Weighted Average Method

MMSE:

Multi-Model Super Ensemble

M3SE:

Modified Multi-Model Super Ensemble

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  1. Soil Science Department, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran

    Akram Fatemi

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  1. Akram Fatemi
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Fatemi, A. A survey of modeling for water quality prediction of Gharasou River, Kermanshah, Iran. Environ Earth Sci 81, 66 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-022-10191-5

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