Abstract
Near drainage culverts located in the Apalachicola National Forest, and particularly within the New River (HUC8) sub-basin, and the State of Florida Waterbody IDs (WBID) 1034B boundary, water quality commonly fails to attain designated minimum criteria for iron within surface waters established in the Surface Water Quality Standards (62-302, FAC), and the Impaired Waters Rule (IWR, 62-303, FAC). Three iron release mechanisms, i.e., organic decomposition coupled with Fe(III) reduction (IRM I), iron-related mineral decomposition (IRM II), and elemental iron corrosion (IRM III) were identified and found to be responsible for ferrous iron release. The soil and water samples were collected from eleven culvert sites within the Apalachicola National Forest and analyzed. Various statistical methods were used to identify the correlation of iron release mechanisms with measured parameters. Using partial least square regression, four components were found to capture the variances that significantly contributed to the various iron concentration, among which P1 and P2 were the two dominating contributors and were associated with IRM I and IRM II. P3 accounted for 6.5% of the variance and was attributed to IRM III. Based on IRM II, ferrous iron was released from pyrite decomposition, which was correlated with elevated sulfate concentration in the water. The soil samples were analyzed together by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF), further evidenced that sulfate-related mineral contributed to this process. For IRM I, the decomposition of organics releases electrons, which eventually reduces iron oxides to mobile ferrous iron. Corresponding to the organic decomposition, low dissolved oxygen (DO) was also observed. Although IRM III was found to be responsible for a smaller portion of iron release, it was deemed not to be the dominating mechanism of iron release.
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The data and code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the support from USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station under the Cooperative Agreement (Number 19-CA-11330140-082) to Florida A & M University and USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture through Grant No. 2018-68002-27920 to Florida A&M University.
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Wu, Y., Wang, B., Qi, L. et al. Water quality deterioration near culverts within the Apalachicola National Forest. Environ Earth Sci 80, 786 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-021-10108-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-021-10108-8