Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Appraisal of groundwater contamination and spatial variation using geostatistical modeling in Surguja district of Chhattisgarh, India

  • Thematic Issue
  • Published:
Environmental Earth Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In several areas of Chhattisgarh, the disintegration of the content of groundwater by the anthropogenic activities is rising at an alarming pace. However, there is still limited information regarding groundwater quality. The present study develops a geostatistical-based water quality index (WQI) and analyzes the spatial variation of contamination zone within the study area. Water samples were collected and tested for different parameters from 55 different locations based on random sampling method. The physio-chemicals properties of water like pH, conductivity, total dissolved solids, calcium, magnesium, bicarbonate, carbonate, sulfate, chloride, nitrate, and fluoride were used for analysis. Pearson Correlation coefficient analysis showed strong and positive correlation between EC, HCO3−, and Cl−. Empirical Bayesian kriging (EBK) is used to interpolate the physio-chemical variables. In EBK interpolation, the lowest Root-Mean-Square Error (RMSE) and the standard error values were calculated for EC, HCO3−, SO4−, NO3−, Ca2+, Mg2+, and F− using K-Bessel model. The lowest RMSE value was calculated for pH (0.952), Cl−(1.016), Na+(0.905), and TH (0.979) using Whittle model of EBK interpolation technique. Results showed that north and north-east of the district are characterized by low groundwater quality and the north-west and central part of the district have very good groundwater quality. The very good WQI is covered by 1989.65 sq km (12.64%) of the study area.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

References

  • Alexander AC, Ndambuki J, Salim R, Manda A (2017) Assessment of spatial variation of groundwater quality in a mining basin. Sustainability 9(5):823. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9050823

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bhunia GS, Keshavarzi A, Shit PK, Oman ESE, Bagherzadeh A (2018) Evaluation of groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking and irrigation using GIS and geostatistics techniques in semiarid region of Neyshabur, Iran. Appl Water Sci 8:168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-018-0795-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • BIS (2012) Indian standard specification for drinking water. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  • Chakraborty B, Roy S, Bhunia GS, Sengupta D, Shit PK (2021) Groundwater quality through multi- criteria -based GIS analysis: village level assessment. Groundw Soc. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64136-8_6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chaudhry AK, Kumar K, Alam MF (2019) Groundwater contamination characterization using multivariate statistical analysis and geostatistical method. Water Sci Technol Water Supply 19(5). https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2019.111

  • Deshmukh KK (2012) Studies on chemical characteristics and classification of soils from Sangamner area, Ahmednagar district, Maharashtra, India. Rasayan J Chem 5(1):74–85

    Google Scholar 

  • Dev R, Bali M (2019) Evaluation of groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking and agricultural use in district Kangra of Himachal Pradesh, India. J Saudi Soc Agric Sci 18(4):462–468

    Google Scholar 

  • El Afly M (2012) Integrated geostatistics and GIS techniques forassessing groundwater contamination in Al Arish area, Sinai, Egypt. Arab J Geosci 5(2):197–215

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ElKashouty M (2019) Groundwater quality distribution by geostatistical investigation (GIS), Nile Delta, Northern Egypt. J Environ Chem Ecotoxicol 11(1):1–21. https://doi.org/10.5897/JECE2018.0437

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elumalai V, Brindha K, Sithole B, Lakshmanan E (2017) Spatial interpolation methods and geostatistics for mapping groundwater contamination in a coastal area. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 24(12):11601–11617. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-8681-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Esmaeili A, Moore F (2012) Hydrogeochemical assessment of groundwater in Isfahan province. Iran Environ Earth Sci 67:107–120

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gautam SK, Tziritis E, Singh SK, Tripathi JK, Singh AK (2018) Environmental monitoring of water resources with the use of PoS index: a case study from Subarnarekha River basin, India. Environ Earth Sci 77:70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-018-7245-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes JM, Koplan JP (2005) Saving lives through global safe water. Emerg Infect Dis 11(10):1636–1637. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1110.051099 (PMID: 16355504; PMCID: PMC3366765)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jabal MSA, Abustan I, Rozaimy MR, Al-Najar H (2014) Fluoride enrichment in groundwater of semi-arid urban area: Khan Younis City, southern Gaza Strip (Palestine). J Afr Earth Sci 100:259–266

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacintha TGA, Rawat KS, Mishra A, Singh SK (2016) Hydrogeochemical characterization of groundwater of peninsular Indian region using multivariate statistical techniques. Appl Water Sci 7(6):3001–3013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaur T, Bhardwaj R, Arora S (2016) Assessment of groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purposes using hydro-chemical studies in Malwa region, southwestern part of Punjab, India. Appl Water Sci 7:3301–3316

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaymaz SM (2018) Mapping water quality by using geostatistical method (Marmaris Bay, Mugla, Turkey). J Marin Biol Aqua Res 1(1):1–3

    Google Scholar 

  • Khadri SFR, Pande C, Moharir K (2013) Groundwater quality mapping of PTU-1 watershed in Akola district of Maharashtra India using geographic information system techniques. Int J Sci Eng Res 4:1–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim D, Miranda ML, Tootoo J, Bradley P, Gelfand AE (2011) Spatial modeling for groundwater arsenic levels in North Carolina. Environ Sci Technol. https://doi.org/10.1021/es103336s

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krivoruchko K (2012) Empirical Bayesian kriging-implemented in ArcGIS geostatistical analyst. ESRI Press, Redlands

    Google Scholar 

  • Krivoruchko K, Gribov A (2014) Pragmetic Baysian kriging for non-stationary and moderately non-Gaussian data. Mathematics of planet earth. Proceedings of the 15th annual conference of the International association and mathematical geosciences. Springer, pp 61–64.

  • Kumar V, Remadevi V (2006) Kriging of groundwater levels—a case study. J Spat Hydrol 6(1):81–92

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar RP, Ranjan RK, Ramanathan AL, Singh SK, Srivastava PK (2015) Geochemical modeling to evaluate the mangrove forest water. Arab J Geosci 8:4687–4702

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Machiwal D, Mishra A, Jha MK, Sharma A, Sisodia SS (2012) Modeling short-term spatial and temporal variability of groundwater levelusing geostatistics and GIS. Arab J Geosci 21(1):117–136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11053-011-9167-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Majumdar D, Gupta N (2000) Nitrate pollution of groundwater and associated human health disorders. Indian J Environ Health 2:28–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Manap MA, Nampak H, Pradhan B, Lee S, Sulaiman WNA, Ramli MF (2012) Application of probabilistic-based frequency ratio model in groundwater potential mapping using remote sensing data and GIS. Arab J Geosci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-012-0795-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marko K, Al-Amri NS, Elfeki AMM (2014) Geostatistical analysis using GIS for mapping groundwater quality: case study in the recharge area of Wadi Usfan, western Saudi Arabia. Arab J Geosci 7:5239–5252. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-013-1156-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McLeod L, Bharadwaj L, Epp T, Waldner CL (2017) Use of principal components analysis and kriging to predict groundwater-sourced rural drinking water quality in Saskatchewan. Int J Environ Res Public Health 14(9):1065. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14091065 (PMID:28914824; PMCID:PMC5615602)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mirzaei R, Sakizadeh M (2016) Comparison of interpolation methods for the estimation of groundwater contamination in Andimeshk-Shush Plain, southwest of Iran. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23:2758–2769. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5507-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moharir M, Pande C, Singh SK, Choudhari P, Kishan R, Jeyakumar L (2019) Spatial interpolation approach-based appraisal of groundwater quality of arid regions. J Water Supply Res Technol Aqua 68(6):431–447

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nema MA, Khare D, Adamowski J, Chandniha SK (2018) Spatio-temporal analysis of rainfall trends in Chhattisgarh state, Central India over the last 115 years. J Water Land Dev 36(I–III):117–128

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nishanthiny SC, Thushyanthy M, Barathithasan T, Saravanan S (2010) Irrigation water quality based on hydrochemical analysis, Jaffna, Sri Lanka. Am-Eur J Agric Environ Sci 7:100–102

    Google Scholar 

  • Omran EI-E (2012) A proposed model to assess and map irrigation water well suitability using geospatial analysis. Water 4:545–567. https://doi.org/10.3390/w4030545

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prakash O, Datta B (2014) Optimal monitoring network design for efficient identification of unknown groundwater pollution sources. Int J Geomate 6:785–790

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao DJ, Swami AVVS, Raghu Babu K, Hari BB (2016) Water quality index using gis and suitability for drinking purpose in and around Badvel taluka of Kadapa district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Rasayan J Chem 9(3):444–453

    Google Scholar 

  • Rawat KS, Singh SK (2018) Water quality indices and GIS-based evaluation of a decadal groundwater quality. Geol Ecol Landsc 2(4):240–255

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rebolledo B, Gil A, Flotats X, Sánchez JA (2016) Assessment of groundwater vulnerability to nitrates from agricultural sources using a GIS-compatible logic multi-criteria model. J Environ Manag 171:70–80

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rehman F, Cheema T, Lisa M, Azeem T, Ali NA, Khan Z, Rehman F, Ur RS (2018) Statistical analysis tools for the assessment of groundwater chemical variations in Wadi Bani Malik area Saudi Arabia. Glob Nest J 20:1–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Samantara MK, Padhi RK, Sowmya M, Kumaran P, Satpathy KK (2017) Heavy metal contamination, major ion chemistry and appraisal of the groundwater status in coastal aquifer, Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu, India. Groundw Sustain Dev 5:49–58

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sanders AP, Messier KP, Shehee M, Rudo K, Serre ML, Fry RC (2012) Arsenic in North Carolina: public health implications. Environ Int 38:10–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2011.08.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh CK, Shashtri S, Mukherjee S (2011) Integrating multivariate statistical analysis with GIS for geochemical assessment of groundwater quality in Shiwaliks of Punjab, India. Environ Earth Sci 62:1387–1405

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh VK, Bikundia DS, Sarswat A, Mohan D (2012) Groundwater quality assessment in the village of Lutfullapur Nawada, Loni, district Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India. Environ Monit Assess 184(7):4473–4488

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tiwari AK, Lavy M, Amanzio G, De Maio M (2017) Identification of artificial groundwater recharging zone using a GIS-based fuzzy logic approach: a case study in a coal mine area of the Damodar Valley India. Appl Water Sci 7(8):4513–4524. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-017-0603-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • UNICEF (2019) Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000–2017. Special focus on inequalities. New York: United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and World Health Organization 2019.

  • Verma P, Singh PK, Sinha RR et al (2020) Assessment of groundwater quality status by using water quality index (WQI) and geographic information system (GIS) approaches: a case study of the Bokaro district, India. Appl Water Sci 10:27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • WHO (2011) Guidelines for drinking-water quality. World Health Organization

    Google Scholar 

  • Yadav KK, Gupta N, Kumar V, Sharma S, Arya S (2015) Water quality assessment of Pahuj river using water quality index at Unnao Balaji, MP, India. Int J Sci Basic Appl Res 19(1):241–250

    Google Scholar 

  • Yadav KK, Gupta N, Kumar V, Choudhary P, Khan SA (2018) GIS-based evaluation of ground water geochemistry and statistical determination of the fate of contaminants in shallow aquifers from different functional areas of Agra city, India: levels and spatial distributions. RSC Adv 8:15876–15889

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors show their kind acknowledgment to the Dept. of Geography, Raja N. L. Khan Women’s College (Autonomous), and Department of Geology & Geophysics, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kharagpur, West Bengal, India for their laboratory facilities and kind encouragement.

Funding

This research was supported by the Department of Geography, Raja N. L. Khan Women’s College (Autonomous), affiliated to Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, India. The author (P. K. Shit) grateful acknowledges West Bengal DSTBT for financial support through R&D Research Project Memo no. 104(Sanc.)/ST/P/S&T/ 10G-5/2018).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Seacom Skill University, Kendradangal, Santiniketan, Birbhum, 731236, West Bengal, India

    Gouri Sankar Bhunia

  2. PG Department of Geography, Raja N. L. Khan Women’s College (Autonomous), Gope Palace, Midnapore, 721102, West Bengal, India

    Pravat Kumar Shit

Authors
  1. Gouri Sankar Bhunia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Pravat Kumar Shit
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

G. S. Bhuni conceptualized and planned the study, analyzed the data, prepared the maps, and interpreted the results. P. K. Shit reviewed and edited the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Pravat Kumar Shit.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This article is part of a Topical Collection in Environmental Earth Sciences on Groundwater quality and contamination and the application of GIS, guest edited by Narsimha Adimalla and Hui Qian.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Bhunia, G.S., Shit, P.K. Appraisal of groundwater contamination and spatial variation using geostatistical modeling in Surguja district of Chhattisgarh, India. Environ Earth Sci 80, 760 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-021-10003-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-021-10003-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation