Abstract
In this study, thermal characteristics of the subgrade soils (well-graded sandy soil, low-plasticity clayey soil and low-plasticity silty soil) were tested by a KD2-Pro Thermal Properties Analyzer. Then, frost penetration depths have been predicted by modified Berggren equation for a subgrade section considering climatic conditions of Turkey's geographic regions. Experimental results showed that the thermal conductivity is maximum for the well-graded sandy soil and the minimum values were determined for the low-plasticity silty soil. The highest values of heat capacity, thermal diffusion and thermal resistance have been measured for the low-plasticity clayey soil and minimum values of the heat capacity, thermal diffusion and thermal resistance were observed on the well-graded sandy soil specimens. The maximum frost penetration depths were predicted for the well-graded sandy soil specimens and the minimum frost penetration depths were observed on the low-plasticity clay soils due to water holding capacity and high insulation of clay. In addition, the Gray correlation analysis was utilized to present the correlation degree between the frost penetration depths and different parameters including thermal characteristics, average annual temperatures, number of days covered snow, surface freezing index, and correction factors. Results showed that the thermal characteristic has more influence than other parameters on the frost penetration depths.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aldrich HP, Paynter HM (1966) Depth of Frost Penetration in Non-uniform Soil. U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory Special Report 104.
Andersland OB, Branko L (2004) Frozen Ground Engineering, 2nd edn. Wiley, Hoboken, NJ
Assesing of precipitation in winter season. https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/yagis-raporu.aspx?b=m. Accessed 11 Feb 2020.
Aubert JE, Gasc Barbier M (2012) Hardening of clayey soil blocks during freezing and thawing cycles. Appl Clay Sci 65–66:1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2012.04.014
Bianchini A, Gonzalez CR (2012) Pavement-Transportation Computer Assisted Structural Engineering (PCASE) Implementation of the Modified Berggren (ModBerg) Equation for Computing the Frost Penetration Depth within Pavement Structures.” Final Report. Geotechnical and Structures Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineering Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS.
Boyd DW (1975) Computing freezing and thawing degree-days from monthly temperatures. National Research Council of Canada, Division of Building Research Paper 444.
Bulutoglu I (1968) Bringing of spring in Highways. Turkey Engineering News, 34–40, (in Turkish)
Chisholm RA, Phang WA (1983) Measurement and prediction of frost penetration in highway. In: Transportation Research Record: J Transport Res Board, No 918, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington D.C., 29, 1–10.
Coskun S, Unlu K, Yamankaradeniz N, Pulat E (2009) Experimental study of horizontal ground source heat pump performance for mild climate in Turkey. Energy 34:1284–1295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2009.05.001
Freitag DR, Mcfadden TT (1997) Introduction to cold regions engineering. ASCE, New York
Gao J, Lai Y, Zhang M, Chang D (2018) The thermal effect of heating two-phase closed thermosyphons on the high-speed railway embankment in seasonally frozen regions. Appl Ther Eng 141:948–957. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.06.061
Geografy of Turkey (2020) https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye_co%C4%9Frafyas%C4%B1
Haciefendioglu K, Kartal ME, Karaca Z (2013) The effect of seasonally frozen soil on stochastic response of elevated water tank under random excitation. Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess 27:807–818. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-012-0609-6
Hal H (2008) Climate change and soil freezing dynamics: historical trends and projected changes. Clim Change 87:421–434. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-007-9322-8
Hazirbaba K (2019) Effects of freeze-thaw on settlement of fine grained soil subjected to cyclic loading. Cold Reg Sci Technol 160:222–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2019.02.008
Isard SA, Schaetzl RJ (1998) Effects of winter weather conditions on soil freezing in southern Michigan. Phys Geo 19:71–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723646.1998.10642641
Iwataa Y, Nemoto M, Hasegawa S, Yanai Y, Kuwao K, Hirota T (2011) Influence of rain, air temperature, and snow cover on subsequent spring-snowmelt infiltration into thin frozen soil layer in northern Japan. J Hydr 401:165–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.02.019
Jiji LM (2009) Heat Conduction. Springer, Berlin
Jumikis AR (1978) Thermal Geotechnics. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, NJ
KD2 Pro Thermal Properties Analyzer Operator’s Manual (2008). Decagon Devices, Pullman, Wash..
Kersten MS (1949) Laboratory Research for the Determination of the Thermal Properties of Soils. ACFEL Technical Report 23, AD71256.
Klene AE, Nelson FE, Shiklomanov NI, Hinkel KM (2001) The N-factor in natural landscapes: variability of air and soil-surface temperatures Kuraruk River Basin, Alaska, USA. Arct Antarct Alp Res 33(2):140–148. https://doi.org/10.1080/15230430.2001.12003416
Li Y, Sun H, He X, Tan Y (2020) Freeze-thaw damage and creep behavior of cement asphalt composite binder. Const Build Mat 245(10):118407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118407
Lin Z, Niu F, Li X, Li A, Liu M, Luo J, Shao Z (2018) Characteristics and controlling factors of frost heave in high-speed railway subgrade, Northwest China. Cold Reg Sci Technol 153:33–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2018.05.001
Lu Z, Xian S, Yao H, Fang R (2019) She J (2019) Influence of freeze-thaw cycles in the presence of a supplementary water supply on mechanical properties of compacted soil. Cold Reg Sci Technol 157:42–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2018.09.009
McRoberts EC (1974) Ground thermal regime. In: Recent advances in permafrost Engineering: Lecture Notes and Reference List, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
Niu F, Li A, Luo J, Lin Z, Yin G, Liu M, Zheng H, Liu H (2017) Soil moisture, ground temperatures, and deformation of a high-speed railway embankment in Northeast China. Cold Reg Sci Technol 133:7–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2016.10.007
Orakoglu ME, Liu J, Tutumluer E (2016) Frost depth prediction for seasonal freezing area in Eastern Turkey. Cold Reg Sci Technol 124:118–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2015.12.012
Phukan A (1985) Frozen ground engineering. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
Rajaei P, Baladi GY (2015) Frost depth: general prediction model. Transport Res Rec 2510(1):74–80. https://doi.org/10.3141/2510-09
Saglik A, Gungor AG (2000) The Guide of Flexible Superstructure Planning on the Highway. Department of Technical Research, Ministry of Transport, Ankara (in Turkish)
Sensoy S, Demircan M, Ulupınar Y, Balta I (2008) Climate of Turkey, Turkish State Meteorological Service, 401, Ankara, Turkey. http ://www.mgm.gov.tr/files/en-us/climateofturkey.pdf. Accessed 20 Jan 2020
Tai B, Liu J, Wang T, Shen Y, Li X (2017) Numerical modelling of anti-frost heave measures of high-speed railway subgrade in cold region. Cold Reg Sci Technol 141:28–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2017.05.009
Tai B, Wu Q, Zhang Z, Xu X (2020) Cooling performance and deformation behavior of crushed-rock embankments on the Qinghai-Tibet Railway in permafrost regions. Eng Geol 265:105453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2019.105453
Tang L, Tian S, Ling X, Li G (2017) Effect of freeze-thaw cycles on the strength of base course materials used under china’s high-speed railway line. J Cold Reg Eng. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CR.1943-5495.0000125
Tian S, Liang T, Xianzhang L, Kong X, Li S, Cai D (2019) Cyclic behaviour of coarse-grained materials exposed to freeze-thaw cycles: Experimental evidence and evolution model. Cold Reg Sci Technol 167:102815. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2019.102815
Wei HB, Han LL, Li QL, Li ZQ (2019) Zhang YP (2019) Research on dynamic compressive stress response of new type filler subgrade in freezing and thawing processes. Cold Reg Sci Technol 164:102785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2019.102785
Yalcin NS, Erel A (2007) Importance and design principles of infrastructure in high speed railways. Transportation Congress, 323–344, (in Turkish)
Zhang Y, Zhao W, Ma W, Wang H, Wen A, Li P (2020) Effect of different freezing modes on the water-heat-vapor behavior in unsaturated coarse-grained filling exposed to freezing and thawing. Cold Reg Sci Technol 174:103038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2020.103038
Declarations
Not applicable.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Firat, M.E.O. Experimental investigation on the thermal characteristics and grey correlation analysis of frost penetration depths for different subgrade soils. Environ Earth Sci 80, 394 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-021-09698-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-021-09698-0