Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Assessment of groundwater contamination risk with scenario analysis of hazard quantification for a karst aquifer in Antalya, Turkey

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Environmental Earth Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Karst aquifers usually have high vulnerability to groundwater pollution. This study aims to assess the risk of groundwater contamination in karst aquifers by two index overlay methods of intrinsic vulnerability (COP and PI) and to discuss the importance of hazard index values on risk assessment. Altinova region of Antalya, with intensive agricultural activities, was chosen as the pilot study area (PSA) for application. Seasonal monitoring studies were conducted at 25 sampling wells for many water quality parameters in addition to soil characteristics and depth to groundwater. The areas for low, moderate and high levels of vulnerability and risk were determined, where more than 90% of the PSA was classified as having moderate to very high vulnerability levels according to COP and PI methods. For validation of risk analysis results, nitrate concentrations were correlated with risk intensity values. Both methods were successful to assess the vulnerability and risk to groundwater pollution with high correlation. In addition, the impacts of hazard index values on groundwater pollution risk were investigated for two scenario conditions which represent the increase in the relative amount of pollutants caused by the greenhouses. As a result, the karstic part of the PSA was assessed to have a high risk of groundwater contamination by the COP method, where immediate control measures are necessary. In conclusion, the selection of suitable vulnerability methods for karst aquifers and assignment of realistic hazard index values are highly effective on risk analysis results to represent the actual conditions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aller L, Bennett T, Lehr JH, Petty RH, Hackett G (1987) DRASTIC: a standardised system for evaluating groundwater pollution potential using hydrogeologic settings. In: US EPA report 600/2-87/035, Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory, Ada, Oklahoma

  • AMPR (2016) Antalya master plan raporu, Hidrojeoloji Raporu, Bölüm 541, Sayfa 114 (in Turkish)

  • Andreo B, Goldscheider N, Vadillo I, Vias JM, Neukum C, Sinreich M, Jimenez P, Brechenmacher J, Carrasco F, Hötzl H, Perles MJ, Zwahlen F (2006) Karst groundwater protection: first application of a Pan-European approach to vulnerability, hazard and risk mapping in the Sierra de Libar (Southern Spain). Sci Total Environ 357:54–73

    Google Scholar 

  • Antonakos AK, Lambrakis NJ (2007) Development and testing of three hybrid methods for the assessment of aquifer vulnerability to nitrates, based on the drastic model, an example from NE Korinthia. Greece J Hydrol 333:288–304

    Google Scholar 

  • APHA, AWWA, WEF (2012) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 22nd edn. APHA, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  • Arauzo M (2017) Vulnerability of groundwater resources to nitrate pollution: a simple and effective procedure for delimiting nitrate vulnerable zones. Sci Total Environ 575:799–812

    Google Scholar 

  • Barroso MF, Ramalhosa MJ, Olhero A, Antao MC, Pina MF, Guimaraes L, Teixeira J, Afonso MJ, Delerue-Matos C, Chamine HI (2015) Assessment of groundwater contamination in an agricultural peri-urban area (NW Portugal): an integrated approach. Environ Earth Sci 73:2881–2894

    Google Scholar 

  • Boulabeiz M, Klebingat S, Agaguenia S (2019) A GIS-based GOD model and hazard index analysis: the quaternary coastal Collo aquifer (NE-Algeria). Ground Water 57(1):166–176

    Google Scholar 

  • Busico G, Cuoco E, Sirna M, Mastrocicco M, Tedesco D (2017) Aquifer vulnerability and potential risk assessment: application to an intensely cultivated and densely populated area in Southern Italy. Arab J Geosci 10:222. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-017-2996-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Civita M, De Maio M (1997) SINTACS un sistema parametrico per la valutazione e la cartografia per la valutazione della vulnerabilit`a degli acquiferi all’inquinamento. Metodologia e automazione, Pitagora ed, Bologna

  • Dodgen LK, Kelly WR, Panno SV et al (2017) Characterizing pharmaceutical, personal care product, and hormone contamination in a karst aquifer of southwestern Illinois, USA, using water quality and stream flow parameters. Sci Total Environ 578:281–289

    Google Scholar 

  • Doerfliger N, Zwahlen F (1997) EPIK: a new method for outlining of protection areas in karstic environment. In: Günay G, Jonshon AI (eds) International symposium and field seminar on “karst waters and environmental impacts, Antalya, Turkey, Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 117–123

  • DSI (1985) Antalya-Kırkgöz Kaynakları ve Traverten Platosu Hidrojeolojik Etüt Raporu. Ankara, Devlet Su İşleri (in Turkish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Efe R, Atalay İ, Soykan A, Cürebal I, Sarı C (2008) The formation of Antalya travertine deposit and karstic ground water systems. In: Environment and culture in the mediterranean region, Part I, chap 6, pp 93–108

  • Entezari M, Yamani M, Aghdam MJ (2016) Evaluation of intrinsic vulnerability, hazard and risk mapping for karst aquifers, Khorein aquifer, Kermanshah province: a case study. Environ Earth Sci 75:435. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-016-5258-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foster SSD (1987) Fundamental concepts in aquifer vulnerability, pollution risk and protection strategy. In: Van Duijevenboden W, Van Waegeningh HG (eds) Vulnerability of soil and groundwater to pollutants. TNO Committee on Hydrogeological Research, vol 38. Proceedings and information, The Hague, pp 69–86

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldscheider N, Klute M, Sturm S, Hötzl H (2000) The PI method – a GIS-based approach to mapping groundwater vulnerability with special consideration of karst aquifers. Z Angew Geol 46(3):157–166

    Google Scholar 

  • Güler C, Kurt MA, Korkut RN (2013) Assessment of groundwater vulnerability to nonpoint source pollution in a Mediterranean coastal zone (Mersin, Turkey) under conflicting land use practices. Ocean Coast Manage 71:141–152

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamamin DF, Qadir RA, Ali SS, Bosch AP (2018) Hazard and risk intensity maps for water-bearing units: a case study. Int J Environ Sci Technol 15:173–184

    Google Scholar 

  • Huan H, Zhang B, Kong H, Li M, Wang W, Xi B, Wang G (2018) Comprehensive assessment of groundwater pollution risk based on HVF model: a case study in Jilin City of northeast China. Sci Total Environ 628–629:1518–1530

    Google Scholar 

  • Inan N (1985) Antalya Travertenlerinin Oluşumu ve Özellikleri. Cumhuriyet Üniv. Jeoloji Müh. Böl, Yayınları, Sivas (in Turkish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Jakada H, Chen Z, Luo Z, Zhou H, Luo M, Ibrahim A, Tanko N (2019) Coupling intrinsic vulnerability mapping and tracer test for source vulnerability and risk assessment in a karst catchment based on EPIK method: a case study for the Xingshan County, Southern China. Arab J Sci Eng 44:377–389

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenifer MA, Jha MK (2018) Comprehensive risk assessment of groundwater contamination in a weathered hard-rock aquifer system of India. J Clean Prod 201:853–868

    Google Scholar 

  • Kourgialas N, Karatzas GP, Koubouris GC (2017) A GIS policy approach for assessing the effect of fertilizers on the quality of drinking and irrigation water and wellhead protection zones (Crete, Greece). J Environ Manage 189:150–159

    Google Scholar 

  • Leone A, Ripa MN, Uricchio V, Deak J, Vargay Z (2009) Vulnerability and risk evaluation of agricultural nitrogen pollution for Hungary’s main aquifer using DRASTIC and GLEAMS models. J Environ Manage 90:2969–2978

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy W, Pandelova M, Henkelmann B et al (2017) Persistent organic pollutants in shallow percolated water of the Alps Karst system (Zugspitze summit, Germany). Sci Total Environ 579:1269–1281

    Google Scholar 

  • Leyland RC (2008) Vulnerability mapping in karst terrains, exemplified in the wider cradle of humankind world heritage site. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Pretoria, South Africa, p 114

    Google Scholar 

  • Li H, Xipeng Y, Wenjing Z, Ying H, Jun Y, Yan Z (2018) Risk assessment of groundwater organic pollution using hazard, intrinsic vulnerability, and groundwater value, Suzhou City in China. Expo Health 10:99–115

    Google Scholar 

  • Matzeu A, Secci R, Uras G (2017) Methodological approach to assessment of groundwater contamination risk in an agricultural area. Agric Water Manage 184:46–58

    Google Scholar 

  • Mimi ZA, Assi A (2009) Intrinsic vulnerability, hazard and risk mapping for karst aquifers: a case study. J Hydrol 364:298–310

    Google Scholar 

  • Muhammetoglu H, Muhammetoglu A, Soyupak S (2002) Vulnerability of groundwater to pollution from agricultural diffuse sources: a case study. Water Sci Technol 45(9):1–7

    Google Scholar 

  • Muhammetoglu A, Uslu B (2007) Application of environmental impact quotient model to Kumluca region, Turkey to determine environmental impacts of pesticides. Water Sci Technol 56(1):139–145

    Google Scholar 

  • Ouedraogo I, Defourny P, Vanclooster M (2016) Mapping the groundwater vulnerability for pollution at the pan African scale. Sci Total Environ 544:939–953

    Google Scholar 

  • Ozyurt NN (2008) Residence time distribution in the Kirkgoz karst springs (Antalya-Turkey) as a tool for contamination vulnerability assessment. Environ Geol 53:1571–1583

    Google Scholar 

  • Pisciotta A, Cusimano G, Favara R (2015) Groundwater nitrate risk assessment using intrinsic vulnerability methods: a comparative study of environmental impact by intensive farming in the Mediterranean region of Sicily, Italy. J Geochem Explor 156:89–100

    Google Scholar 

  • Pizzol L, Zabeo A, Critto A, Giubilato E, Marcomini A (2015) Risk-based prioritization methodology for the classification of groundwater pollution sources. Sci Total Environ 506–507:505–517

    Google Scholar 

  • Polemio M, Casarano D, Limoni PP (2009) Karstic aquifer vulnerability assessment methods and results at a test site (Apulia, southern Italy). Nat Haz Earth Syst Sci 9:1461–1470

    Google Scholar 

  • Ravbar N, Goldscheider N (2007) Proposed methodology of vulnerability and contamination risk mapping for the protection of karst aquifers in Slovenia. ACTA Carsol 36(3):397–411

    Google Scholar 

  • Saby M, Larocque M, Pinti DL et al (2017) Regional assessment of concentrations and sources of pharmaceutically active compounds, pesticides, nitrate, and E-coli in post-glacial aquifer environments (Canada). Sci Total Environ 579:557–568

    Google Scholar 

  • Senel M (1997) 1:100 000 ölçekli Türkiye Jeoloji Haritaları, No:11, Isparta-K11 Paftası. MTA Jeoloji Etüdleri Dairesi, Ankara (in Turkish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Shrestha S, Kafle R, Pandey VP (2017) Evaluation of index-overlay methods for groundwater vulnerability and risk assessment in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Sci Total Environ 575:779–790

    Google Scholar 

  • Su X, Wang H, Zhang Y (2013) Health risk assessment of nitrate contamination in groundwater: a case study of an agricultural area in northeast China. Water Resour Manag 27(8):3025–3034

    Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan T, Gao Y (2017) Development of a new P3 (probability, protection, and precipitation) method for vulnerability, hazard, and risk intensity index assessments in karst watersheds. J Hydrol 549:428–451

    Google Scholar 

  • Vias JM, Andreo B, Perles MJ, Carrasco F, Vadillo I, Jimenez P (2006) Proposed method for groundwater vulnerability mapping in carbonate (karstic) aquifers: the COP method: application in two pilot sites in southern Spain. Hydrogeol J 14(6):1–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Wongsanit J, Teartisup P, Kerdsueb P, Tharnpoophasiam P, Worakhunpiset S (2015) Contamination of nitrate in groundwater and its potential human health: a case study of lower Mae Klong river basin, Thailand. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22:11504–11512

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhai Y, Zhao X, Teng Y et al (2017) Groundwater nitrate pollution and human health risk assessment by using HHRA model in an agricultural area, NE China. Ecotox Environ Safe 137:130–142

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhu Z, Wang J, Hu M, Jia L (2019) Geographical detection of groundwater pollution vulnerability and hazard in karst areas of Guangxi Province in China. Environ Pollut 245:627–633

    Google Scholar 

  • Zwahlen F (2003) COST Action 620 Vulnerability and risk mapping for the protection of carbonate (karst) aquifers. Final report European Commission, Directorate-General for Research, European Commission, Luxembourg

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This research study was supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (Project no. 114Y696), State Hydraulic Works 13th Regional Directorate, Akdeniz University, and Hacettepe University. The authors would like to thank Mr. Hayrullah Coskun (Regional Director), Mr. Mustafa Akpinar, Tanju İseri and Ozge Ozdemir Ulasti from State Hydraulic Works 13th Regional Directorate for their technical support.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Engineering, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey

    A. Çil, A. Muhammetoglu, F. Yenilmez & H. Muhammetoglu

  2. Department of Geological Engineering, Hacettepe University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey

    N. N. Ozyurt & A. Amil

  3. Department of Environmental Engineering, Bursa Technical University, Bursa, Turkey

    R. Keyikoglu

Authors
  1. A. Çil
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. A. Muhammetoglu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. N. N. Ozyurt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. F. Yenilmez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. R. Keyikoglu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. A. Amil
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. H. Muhammetoglu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to A. Muhammetoglu.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Çil, A., Muhammetoglu, A., Ozyurt, N.N. et al. Assessment of groundwater contamination risk with scenario analysis of hazard quantification for a karst aquifer in Antalya, Turkey. Environ Earth Sci 79, 191 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-020-08932-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-020-08932-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation