Abstract
The article deals with the comparison between 2D and 3D evaluation of surface areas of sculptures. The objects chosen for investigation were Apollo (Carrara Marble, Potsdam Sanssouci), Flora (Laas Marble, Castle and Park Nymphenburg Munich) and Juno (Cotta Sandstone, Baroque Garden Großsedlitz/Dresden). Photographs showing the sculptures from all sides were used for calculating 2D surface areas with AutoCAD 2018 software. 3D models were generated with T-Scan 2 (Steinbichler Company), and 3D surface areas were evaluated with CAD software Geomagic Studio. The results show that 3D total surface area determinations of virtual 3D models are much more precise than 2D determinations on photographs. The values of the total surface area differ significantly. In case of Apollo 2D measurement captures only 66% of the real total surface. For measuring surface roughness, standardized Bosch sandpapers with P classification were used. Microphotographs of marble and sandstone surfaces show the development and the general optical appearance of increasing roughness. As expected, 2D calculation gives smaller values than 3D calculation also in case of surface roughness. In case of Apollo the P400 roughness area calculated with 2D measurement yields only 26% of the real area calculated with 3D. The accuracy of the surface 2D measurement clearly depends on the complexity of the sculpture because undercuts cannot be captured on photographs. It is shown that accurate information about the distribution of damage phenomena helps to improve planning conservation measures.
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Acknowledgements
First of all, we would like to thank “Deutsche Bundesstifung Umwelt DBU” (German Federal Environmental Foundation) for financing and thus enabling the project, in particular Dr. Paul Bellendorf for his great support and advice (Project Number 33 162/45). We would like to thank Mrs Kathrin Lange and Dr. Saskia Hüneke, Stiftung Preussische Schlösser und Gärten Berlin-Brandenburg SPGS, Collection of sculptures in the depot of Potsdam. We would also like to thank Mrs Daniela Pietsch, City of Baiersdorf: Jewish cemetry and Mr Klaus Häfner, Bayerische Verwaltung der Staatlichen Schlösser, Gärten und Seen: Garden sculptures Schloss Nymphenburg, München. Likewise, we would like to thank Mrs Tanja Müller, Staatliche Schlösser, Burgen und Gärten Sachsen: Barockgarten Großsedlitz und Großer Garten Dresden, Sächsisches Immobilien- und Baumanagement. Without the help of these institutions, which provided us with their objects for investigation, this project would not have been possible. Furthermore, we would like to give sincere thanks to the members of the advisory board who shared experience and ideas to promote the project: Dr Michael Auras, Prof. Dr. Christoph Herm, Dr. Eberhard Wendler, Dipl. Chem. Martin Mach, Prof. Dr. Siegfried Siegesmund, Dr. Eberhard Wendler. We would like to send a very special thank to Mr Dipl. Phys. Wolfram Köhler and Mrs Köhler, Laboratory Köhler in Potsdam, for providing valuable information about the investigated sculptures.
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This article is part of a Topical Collection in Environmental Earth Sciences on “Stone in the Architectural Heritage: from quarry to monuments—environment, exploitation, properties and durability”, guest edited by Siegfried Siegesmund, Luís Sousa, and Rubén Alfonso López-Doncel.
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Pfeuffer, C., Rahrig, M., Snethlage, R. et al. 3D mapping as a tool for the planning of preservation measures on sculptures made of natural stone. Environ Earth Sci 77, 312 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-018-7479-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-018-7479-2