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Bayesian spatial analysis and prediction of groundwater contamination in Jhelum city (Pakistan)

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Abstract

Access to clean drinking water, which is essential for healthy human life, is becoming hard with every day, especially in densely populated cities and towns. Ground waters contain many minerals that need to be constantly monitored and in case of any discrepancy with the minerals’ levels immediate remedial measures become necessary to keep it safe to drink. We conduct model-based (aka likelihood based) maximum likelihood estimation and Bayesian kriging predictions for six water quality parameters, namely pH, turbidity, total dissolved solids, calcium, hardness and chloride in groundwater in Jhelum city. Our results show that the concentrations of all the six parameters are, in general, higher in study region, especially four of them have concentrations well above the upper bound of standard limits, of WHO and EPA criteria of USA and Pakistan, and need the immediate attention of concerned authorities for remedial measures.

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Acknowledgements

We acknowledge the Soil and Water Testing Laboratory Jhelum for providing data about the chemical properties of Jhelum groundwaters.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Space Science, Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan

    Asad Ali, Sadaf Javed, Saleem Ullah & Syeda Hira Fatima

  2. Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

    Farrah Zaidi

  3. Department of Mathematics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan

    Mansoor Shaukat Khan

Authors
  1. Asad Ali
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  2. Sadaf Javed
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  3. Saleem Ullah
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  4. Syeda Hira Fatima
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  5. Farrah Zaidi
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  6. Mansoor Shaukat Khan
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Correspondence to Asad Ali.

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Ali, A., Javed, S., Ullah, S. et al. Bayesian spatial analysis and prediction of groundwater contamination in Jhelum city (Pakistan). Environ Earth Sci 77, 87 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-018-7253-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-018-7253-5

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