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Geochemistry, spatial distribution and environmental risk assessment of the surface sediments: Anchar Lake, Kashmir Valley, India

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Abstract

Anchar Lake, a mono-basined freshwater lake in Kashmir Valley, has experienced major sediment deterioration due to changes in the local catchment and anthropogenic inputs during the recent past. The present study was conducted to evaluate the major, trace element concentrations and environment risk assessment in the surface sediments of Anchar Lake. Spatial distribution of organic matter (OM), CaCO3, TOC, sand–silt–clay and C/N ratio was studied to understand their source and accumulation in recent surface sediments. Textural studies indicate that most of the sediment samples are clayey silt to silty clay except one sample being of sandy–clay–silt nature. OM, CaCO3 content and C/N ratio results reveal that the sediments are organically rich and the source of OM is controlled by both; autochthonous and terrestrial sources. The major oxide geochemistry reflects higher concentrations of CaO, MgO and TiO2 compared to the  UCC values and the possible dilution effect of CaO on other major oxides. Environmental risk assessment indices (Igeo and EF) reveal that the lake surface sediments are low to moderately enriched with Cu, Ni, Zn and Pb and thus are a direct threat to aquatic life. Pollution load index indicates higher contamination of the sediment samples collected along the agricultural and urban land-cover sites. In the absence of industries and metal mines in the catchment area, the agricultural inputs, domestic effluents and untreated sewage discharges are the probable source for the moderate increase in trace metals in the lake sediments. Based on geochemical and environmental parameters, an assessment of sediment contamination results revealed potential risks ranging from moderate to strong for the lake environment, particularly towards areas proximal to agricultural and land-use sites. The above results from this study thus add to the fundamental knowledge of the present lake processes occurring within the lake and its interactions with the surrounding catchment areas.

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Acknowledgements

Aasif Mohamad Lone is grateful to Anna University, Chennai, for the Anna Centenary Research Fellowship (ACRF) that enabled him to carry out this work.

Rayees Ahmad Shah thanks the DST, New Delhi for the DST PURSE fellowship and Fousiya A A ackowledges the funds received through the Rajiv Gandhi National fellowship, UGC, New Delhi. All the authors thank the manuscript handling editor and the two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments and suggestions that helped in the better presentation of the work and the mansucript. Mohammd Rafiq is acknowledged for his help during the manuscript preparation.

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  1. Department of Geology, Anna University, Chennai, 600 025, India

    Aasif Mohmad Lone, Rayees Ahmad Shah, Hema Achyuthan & A. A. Fousiya

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Lone, A., Shah, R.A., Achyuthan, H. et al. Geochemistry, spatial distribution and environmental risk assessment of the surface sediments: Anchar Lake, Kashmir Valley, India. Environ Earth Sci 77, 65 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-018-7242-8

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