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Hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater and surface water for domestic and irrigation purposes in Vea catchment, Northern Ghana

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Abstract

The Vea catchment, mainly underlain by crystalline basement rocks, is located in Northern Ghana. Hydrogeochemical studies were carried out in this area with the objective of identifying the geochemical processes influencing water quality and suitability of surface and groundwater for agricultural and domestic uses. Sixty-one groundwater and four surface water samples were collected from boreholes, dams and rivers and analysed for Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3 −, Cl−, and SO4 2−, Fetot, PO4 3−, Mntot, NH4 +, NO3 −, NO2 −. In addition, pH, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, total hardness, turbidity, colour, salinity and dissolved oxygen were analysed. Chloro-alkaline indices 1 and 2, and characterization of weathering processes suggest that the chemistry of groundwater is dominated by the interaction between water and rocks. Cation exchange and silicate weathering are the dominant processes controlling the chemical composition of the groundwater in the area studied. Mineral saturation indices indicate the presence of at least three groups of groundwater in the Vea catchment with respect to residence time. The meteoric genesis index suggests that 86% of the water samples belong to the shallow meteoric water percolation type. The findings further suggest that the groundwater and surface water in the basin studied are mainly Ca–Mg–HCO3 water type, regardless of the geology. Compared to the water quality guidelines of WHO, the study results on sodium absorption ratio, sodium percentage, magnesium hazard, permeability index and residual sodium carbonate indicate that groundwater and surface water in the Vea catchment are generally suitable for drinking and irrigation purposes.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research via the West African Science Service Center on Climate Change and Adapted Land-Use, and achieved by the collaboration between Abomey-Calavi University, Benin, and Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany.

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  1. WASCAL GRP Climate Change and Water Resources, University of Abomey-Calavi, P.O. Box 526, Cotonou, Benin

    Kouakou Valentin Koffi

  2. Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Water Research Institute, P.O. Box AH 38, Achimota, Accra, Ghana

    Emmanuel Obuobie

  3. Hydrogeology Department, Ruhr Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany

    Kouakou Valentin Koffi, Andre Banning & Stefan Wohnlich

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Koffi, K.V., Obuobie, E., Banning, A. et al. Hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater and surface water for domestic and irrigation purposes in Vea catchment, Northern Ghana. Environ Earth Sci 76, 185 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-017-6490-3

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