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Applying the scores of multivariate statistical analyses to characterize the relationships between the hydrochemical properties and groundwater conditions in respect of the monsoon variation in Kapas Island, Terengganu, Malaysia

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Abstract

The different factors (seasonal changes) and variables (physicochemical) controlling the groundwater hydrochemistry of Kapas Island were identified using multivariate techniques principal component analysis (PCA), discriminant analysis (DA) and hierarchy cluster analysis (HCA). In the present study, the hydrochemistry of 216 groundwater samples, consisting of information concerning the in situ parameters and major ions in six monitoring boreholes, was studied and compared in two different monsoon seasons. The dominant variables derived from four components by PCA in the pre-monsoon indicated the influence of the salinity process, while the dominant variables derived from three components in the post-monsoon mostly indicated on the mineralization process. The DA gave the final variables after discriminating the insignificant variables based on the pre- and post-monsoon classifications. This provided important data reduction in terms of the mineralization process, as it only discriminated physical variables (TDS, EC, salinity, DO and temperature). Based on the HCA result, samples belonging to stations KW 3 and KW 4 were under Ca-rich water, while the remaining boreholes were grouped in Na-rich water.

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(modified from Isa et al. 2014a, b)

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Acknowledgements

This study was funded by the Ministry of Higher Education, Vot no. 5523724 (07/11/09/696FR). The provision of an allowance, Graduate Research Funding (GRF) by Universiti Putra Malaysia and MOHE Budget Mini Scholarship and MyPhD are gratefully acknowledged. The valuable help from the Faculty of Environmental Studies and Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, in preparing boreholes for this research was much appreciated. High appreciation is also extended to the Department of Minerals and Geoscience, Terengganu, and the Malaysian Nuclear Agency for providing helpful information.

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  1. Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

    Noorain Mohd Isa, Ahmad Zaharin Aris, Tahoora Sheikhy Narany & Wan Nor Azmin Sulaiman

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  1. Noorain Mohd Isa
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  2. Ahmad Zaharin Aris
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Correspondence to Ahmad Zaharin Aris.

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Isa, N.M., Aris, A.Z., Sheikhy Narany, T. et al. Applying the scores of multivariate statistical analyses to characterize the relationships between the hydrochemical properties and groundwater conditions in respect of the monsoon variation in Kapas Island, Terengganu, Malaysia. Environ Earth Sci 76, 169 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-017-6487-y

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