Abstract
The chemical composition and possible sources of street dust are not common to all urban environments, but vary according to the peculiarities of each city. Concentrations of major (Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Fe and Si) and trace elements (Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, P, S, Cl, Br, Rb, Sr, Ba, La, Hf, Pb, Ce and Zr) were measured on both 49 street dust samples and 19 bedrock samples collected in the city of Xuzhou (China) to (1) assess the contamination status of these elements; (2) discriminate natural and anthropogenic contributions using multivariate statistical techniques and lead isotopic analysis. Medians of trace elements Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Br, Rb, Sr, Ba, La, Hf, Pb, Ce, Zr, P, S and Cl concentrations of the investigated street dusts are 10, 3132, 63, 97, 531, 10, 30, 66, 302, 12, 5, 62, 268, 572, 28, 6.4, 68, 55, 142, 998, 2666, 996 mg/kg, respectively. These values are generally higher than those of bedrock in Xuzhou, especially for S, Zn, Pb, and Ba. Cluster analysis of the results suggest that chemical elements in street dust can be classified into two groups: K, Rb, Si, Zr, Hf, Na, Mn, Co, Al, V, Ga, Ti, Ce, La, Sc (Group I) and Br, S, Ca, Cl, Cr, Cu, Ba, Pb, Ni, P, Mg, Fe, Sr and Zn (Group II), which can be inferred to be tracers of anthropogenic inputs. Discriminant analysis of the 14 variables in Group II indicates that the metal Ba is the most powerful in discriminating between both street dust and bedrock samples. The elements including Cu, Ba, Pb, Ni, P, Fe, Mg, Br, to a lesser extent, Cr, P, S and Cl, were mainly derived from traffic contribution. Pb enrichment in Xuzhou street dust was mainly derived from past vehicular emissions as shown by Pb isotopic signatures (206Pb/207Pb = 1.1641–1.1708, 208Pb/207Pb = 2.4518–2.4587).
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adachi K, Tainosho Y (2004) Characterization of heavy metal particles embedded in tire dust. Environ Int 30:1009–1017
Awiti AO, Walsh MG, Shepherd KD, Kinyamario J (2008) Soil condition classification using infrared spectroscopy: a proposition for assessment of soil condition along a tropical forest-cropland chronosequence. Geoderma 143:73–84
Birmili W, Allen AG, Bary F, Harrison RM (2006) Trace metal concentrations and water solubility in size-fractionated atmospheric particles and influence of road traffic. Environ Sci Technol 40:1144–1153
Brejda JJ, Moorman TB, Karlen DL, Dao TH (2000) Identification of regional soil quality factors and indicators: I. Central and Southern High Plains. Soil Sci Soc Am J 64:2115–2124
Cambardella CA, Moorman TB, Novak JM, Parkin TB, Karlen DL, Turco RF, Konopka AE (1994) Field scale variability of soil properties in central Iowa soils. Soil Sci Soc Am J 58:1501–1511
Christoforidis A, Stamatis N (2009) Heavy metal contamination in street dust and roadside soil along the major national road in Kavala’s region, Greece. Geoderma 151:257–263
Cloquet C, Carignan J, Libourel G, Stercheman T, Perdrix E (2006) Tracing source pollution in soils using cadmium and lead isotopes. Environ Sci Technol 40:2525–2530
Dawson JJC, Tetzlaff D, Carey A, Raab A, Soulsby C, Killham K, Meharg AA (2010) Characterizing Pb mobilization from upland soils to streams using 206Pb/207Pb isotopic ratios. Environ Sci Technol 44:243–249
Dayani M, Mohammadi J (2010) Geostatistical assessment of Pb, Zn and Cd contamination in near-surface soils of the urban-mining transitional region of Isfahan, Iran. Pedosphere 20(5):568–577
de Miguel E, Llamas JF, Chacon E, Berg T, Larssen S, Royset O, Vadset M (1997) Origin and patterns of distribution of trace elements in street dust: unleaded petrol and urban lead. Atmos Environ 31:2733–2740
Duzgoren-Aydin NS, Li XD, Wong SC (2004) Lead contamination and isotope signatures in the urban environment of Hong Kong. Environ Int 30:209–217
Fisher RA (1936) The use of multiple measurements in taxonomic problems. Ann Eugen 7(2):179–188
Hansmann W, Koppel V (2000) Lead-isotopes as traces of pollutants in soils. Chem Geol 171:123–144
Hien PD, Binh NT, Truong Y, Ngo NT, Sieu LN (2001) Comparative receptor modelling study of TSP, PM2.5 and PM2-10 in Ho Chi Minh City. Atmos Environ 35:2669–2678
Hopke PK, Lamb ER, Natusch DFS (1980) Multielemental characterization of urban roadway dust. Environ Sci Technol 14:164–172
Khairy MA, Barakat AO, Mostafa AR, Wade TL (2011) Multielement determination by flame atomic absorption of road dust samples in Delta Region, Egypt. Microchem J 97:234–242
Kim W, Doh SJ, Park YH, Yun ST (2007) Two-year magnetic monitoring in conjunction with geochemical and electron microscopic data of roadside dust in Seoul, Korea. Atmos Environ 41:7627–7641
Kowalczyk GS, Choquette CE, Gordon GE (1978) Chemical element balances and identification of air pollution sources in Washington, DC. Atmos Environ 12:1143–1153
Lu X, Wang L, Li LY, Lei K, Huang L, Kang D (2010) Multivariate statistical analysis of heavy metals in street dust of Baoji, NW China. J Hazard Maters 173:744–749
Luo XS, Yu S, Li XD (2011) Distribution, availability, and sources of trace metals in different particle size fractions of urban soils in Hong Kong: implications for assessing the risk to human health. Environ Pollut 159:1317–1326
Ordonez A, Loredo J, Miguel ED, Charlesworth S (2003) Distribution of heavy metals in the street dusts and soils of an industrial city in Northern Spain. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 44:160–170
Robertson DJ, Taylor KG, Hoon SR (2003) Geochemical and mineral magnetic characterisation of urban sediment particulates, Manchester, UK. Appl Geochem 18:269–282
Rodriguez S, Querol X, Alastuey A, Viana MM, Alarcon M, Mantilla E (2004) Comparative PM10–PM2.5 source contribution study at rural, urban and industrial sites during PM episodes in Eastern Spain. Sci Total Environ 328:95–113
Saeedi M, Li LY, Salmanzadeh M (2012) Heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: pollution and ecological risk assessment in street dust of Tehran. J Hazard Mater 227–228:9–17
Semlali RM, Vanoot F, Denaix L, Loubet M (2001) Estimating distributions of endogenous and exogenous Pb in soils by using Pb isotopic ratios. Environ Sci Technol 35:4180–4188
Shang YN (2007) Heavy metal pollution character in soil-plant system and study on lead isotopic tracing: a case of typical cities in Chengdu economic areas. Chengdu University of Technology. (in chinese)
Tang R, Ma K, Zhang Y, Mao Q (2013) The spatial characteristics and pollution levels of metals in urban street dust of Beijing, China. Appl Geochem 35:88–98
Utsunomiya S, Jensen KA, Keeler GJ, Ewing RC (2004) Direct idenfication of trace metals in fine and ultrafine particles in the Detroit urban atmosphere. Environ Sci Technol 38:2289–2297
Varrica D, Dongarra G, Sabatino G, Monna F (2003) Inorganic geochemistry of roadway dust from the metropolitan area of Palermo, Italy. Environ Geol 44:222–230
Wang XS (2013) Assessment of heavy metal pollution in Xuzhou urban topsoils by magnetic susceptibility measurements. J Appl Geophys 92:76–83
Wang XS, Qin Y (2006) Magnetic properties of urban topsoils and correlation with heavy metals: case study from the city of Xuzhou, China. Environ Geol 49(6):897–903
Wang XS, Qin Y, Sang SX (2005) Accumulation and sources of heavy metals in urban topsoils: a case study from the city of Xuzhou, China. Environ Geol 48(1):101–107
Wang G, Oldfield F, Xia D, Chen F, Liu X, Zhang W (2012) Magnetic properties and correlation with heavy metals in urban street dust: a case study from the city of Lanzhou, China. Atmos Environ 46:289–298
Wei B, Yang L (2010) A review of heavy metal contaminations in urban soils, urban road dusts and agricultural soils from China. Microchem J 94:99–107
Wild LP (1985) Spatial variability: Its documentation, accommodation and implication to soil surveys. Soil Spatial Variability. Pudoc, Wageningen, Netherlands
Wong CSC, Li XD (2004) Pb contamination and isotopic composition of urban soils in Hong Kong. Sci Total Environ 319:185–195
Xie SJ, Dearing JA, Bloemendal J (2000) The organic matter content of street dust in Livepool, UK, and its association with dust magnetic properties. Atmos Environ 34:269–275
Xu J, Chen J, Tan M, Lu W, Liu X, Li Y, Zhang G, Li Y (2008) Measurements of isotope ratio of trace lead in gasoline samples by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometery. J Trace Elem (Guangdong) 15(7):44–49 (in chinese)
Yeung ZLL, Kwok RCW, Yu KN (2003) Determination of multi-element profiles of street dust using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF). Appl Radiat Isot 58:339–346
Zhang C, Qiao Q, Appel E, Huang B (2012) Discriminating sources of anthropogenic heavy metals in urban street dusts using magnetic and chemical methods. J Geochem Explor 119–120:60–75
Zhu Z (2013) Identification of trace metal pollution in urban dust from kindergartens using magnetic, geochemical and lead isotopic analyses. Atmos Environ 77:9–15
Acknowledgments
The author acknowledges the work of three anonymous reviewers whose comments and suggestions greatly improved the quality of this manuscript. The material is based upon work supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (20977040), the Natural Science Foundation of Huaihai Institute of technology (Z2014013), and the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, X.S. Discriminating sources of chemical elements in urban street dust using multivariate statistical techniques and lead isotopic analysis. Environ Earth Sci 75, 625 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-016-5386-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-016-5386-y