Abstract
Ground improvement with soil solidification has been widely applied and has proven to be an effective pre-treatment of soft soil deposits. The solidification procedure usually involves addition and thorough mixing of hydraulic binders with in situ soils, consequently transforming the soft materials into a stronger and stiffer stratum for load bearing. Much has been done on the binder’s effectiveness and resulting enhanced properties of the soils, but not as much has been reported of the factors governing in situ mixing efficiency in producing uniform mixtures. While advancement in machinery and computerization of operations have significantly improved soil mixing, individual factors contributing to the process can be further examined to refine the effectiveness. This paper describes a series of laboratory tests, mainly unconfined compressive strength tests complemented with X-ray computer tomography, conducted on cement-stabilized dredged Kawasaki clay of different uniformities. A number of factors affecting uniformity were examined, namely the water/cement (WC) ratios, number of cement layers in the initial state as well as the number of mixing cycles adopted. Test specimens were prepared based on a systematic combination of these factors to enable a comprehensive cross-analysis of the results. It was found that the clay’s initial consistency was markedly altered by cement addition, which resulted in either enhanced or reduced workability of the mixture. While increased mixing vigor could apparently overcome poor distribution of binder in the mixture, the resulting strength remained very much affected by the WC ratio, suggesting dependency of the mixture’s overall uniformity on a combination of the factors.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Åhnberg H, Holm G (2009) Influence of laboratory procedures on properties of stabilised soil specimens. In: Proceedings of the international symposium on deep mixing and admixture solidification, Okinawa
Åhnberg H, Holmén M (2009) Assessment of strength of stabilised soils by geophysical laboratory testing. In: Proceedings of the international symposium on deep mixing and admixture solidification, Okinawa
Bozbey I, Garaisayev S (2010) Effects of soil pulverisation quality on lime solidification of an expansive clay. Environ Earth Sci 60(6):1137–1151
Chan C-M (2009) Sustainable geotechnics via in situ soil reutilisation. Invited lecture: Evening talk session of the Geotechnical Engineering Technical Division, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Institution of Engineers Malaysia (IEM), Malaysia
Clariá J, Rinaldi V (2008) Shear wave velocity of a compacted clayey silt. ASTM Geotech Test J 30(5):399–408
Coastal Development Institute of Technology (CDIT), Japan (2003) The premixing method: principle, design and construction. A.A. Balkema Publishers, The Netherlands
Hammond AA (1981) Measurement of autogenous healing in stabilised soils. In: Proceedings of the 10th international conference on soil mechanics and foundation engineering, Stockholm
Harvey M, Gauthier D, Munro J (1998) Temporal changes in the composition and abundance of macro-benthic invertebrate communities at dredged material disposal sites in the Anse a Beaufils, Baie de Chaleurs, Eastern Canada. Mar Pollut Bull 36:41–55
Horpibulsuk S, Miura N, Nagaraj TS (2005) Lay-water content ratio identity for cement admixed soft clays. ASCE J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 131(2):187–192
Japan Port and Harbour Association (1999) Technical standard for port facilities (in Japanese)
Japanese Standard Association (1993) Method for unconfined compression tests. JIS A 1216–1993, 1–11 (in Japanese)
Kan A (2009) General characteristics of waste management: a review. Energy Educ Sci Technol Part A 23:55–69
Kapsimalis V, Panagiotopoulos I, Kanellopoulus T, Hatzianestis I, Antoniou P, Anagnostou C (2010) A multi-criteria approach for the dumping of dredged material in the Thermaikos Gulf, Northen Greece. J Environ Manage 91:2455–2465
Kitazume M, Nishimura S (2009) Influence of specimen preparation and curing conditions on unconfined compression behaviour of cement-treated clay. In: Proceedings of the international symposium on deep mixing and admixture solidification, Okinawa
Kitazume M, Ohishi K, Nishimura S, Terashi M (2009) International collaborative study Task 2 report: interpretation of comparative test programme. In: Proceedings of the international symposium on deep mixing and admixture solidification, Okinawa
Lee Y-L, Chan C-M (2008) Concept and recent development in pavement design: soil subgrade solidification. In: Seminar on soil subgrade solidification (special lecture). Road Engineering Association of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur
Lee CR, Sturgis TC (1996) Manufactured soils: a productive use of dredged material. In: Proceedings of the US/Japan experts meeting, Oakland
Leotsinidis M, Sazakli E (2008) Evaluating contamination of dredges and disposal criteria in Greek coastal areas. Chemosphere 72:811–818
Marzano IP, Al-Tabba A, Grisolia M (2009) Influence of sample preparation on the strength of cement-stabilised clays. In: Proceedings of the international symposium on deep mixing and admixture solidification, Okinawa
Miura N, Horpibulsuk S, Nagaraj TS (2001) Engineering behaviour of cement stabilised clay at high water content. Soils Found 41(5):33–45
Okumura T, Noda S, Kitazawa S, Wada K (2000) New ground material made of dredged soil for port and airport reclamation projects. In: Nakase A, Tsuchida T (eds) Coastal geotechnical engineering in practice
Petry TM, Little DN (2002) Review of solidification of clays and expansive soils in pavements and lightly loaded structures—history, practice and future. ASCE J Mater Eng 14(6):447–460
Petry TM, Wohlegemuth SK (1988) Effects of pulverisation on the strength and durability of highly active clay soils stabilised with lime and Portland cement. Transportation Research Record 1190, Artificial Ground Freezing and Soil Solidification. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, pp 38–45
Simonini R, Ansaloni I, Cavallini F, Graziosi F, Iotti M, Massamba N’Siala G, Mauri M, Montanari G, Preti M, Prevedelli D (2005) Effects of long-term dumping of harbour-dredged material on macrozoobenthos at four disposal sites along the Emilia-Romagna coast (Northern Adriatic Sea, Italy). Mar Pollut Bull 50:1595–1605
Sun K, Nakano M, Yamada E, Asaoka A (2010) Mechanical behaviour of compacted geomaterial changed from the dredged soil in Nagoya Port by mixing with some stabilisers. In: Proceedings of the geo-Shanghai international conference, Shanghai
Acknowledgments
The author acknowledges the Postdoctoral Research Scholarship awarded by the Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia, as well as the Study Leave granted by Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia. Special thanks to the Port and Airport Research Institute of Japan, particularly to Dr. T. Mizutani and Dr. Y. Kikuchi for their invaluable input of ideas.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chan, CM. Influence of mix uniformity on the induced solidification of dredged marine clay. Environ Earth Sci 71, 1061–1071 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-013-2510-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-013-2510-0