Abstract
The injection of CO2 into depleted natural gas reservoirs has been proposed as a promising new technology for combining enhanced gas recovery and geological storage of CO2. During the injection, application of suitable techniques for monitoring of the induced changes in the subsurface is required. Observing the movement and the changes in saturation of the fluids contained in the reservoir and the confining strata is among the primary aims here. It is shown that under conditions similar to the Altmark site, Germany, pulsed neutron-gamma logging can be applied with limitations. The pulsed neutron-gamma method can be applied for detection and quantification of changes in brine saturation and water content, whereas changes in the gas composition are below the detection limit. A method to account for the effects of salt precipitation resulting from evaporation of residual brine is presented.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Afeefy HY, Liebman JF, Stein SE (2005) Neutral thermochemical data. In: Linstrom PJ, Mallard WG (eds) NIST chemistry web book. NIST standard reference database number 69, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, 20899. (http://webbook.nist.gov) Accessed 15 Jul 2009
Battistelli A, Calore C, Pruess K (1997) The simulator TOUGH2/EWASG for modeling geothermal reservoirs with brines and non-condensible gas. Geothermics 26(4):437–464. doi:10.1016/S0375-6505(97)00007-2
Baumann G, Henninges J, De Lucia M (2011) Sensitivity study of pulsed neutron gamma monitoring to evaluate saturation changes for depleted gas field conditions in the context of CO2 storage. General Assembly European Geosciences Union 2011, Vienna, 13 (EGU 2011-3301-1)
Benson SM, Cook P (2005) Underground geological storage. In: Metz B, Davidson O, de Coninck HC, Loos M, Meyer LA (eds) IPCC special report on carbon dioxide capture and storage. prepared by working group III of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 195–276
Beyer C, Li D, De Lucia M, Kühn M, Bauer S (2012) Modelling CO2-induced fluid–rock interactions in the Altensalzwedel gas reservoir. Part II: coupled reactive transport simulation. Environ Earth Sci. doi:10.1007/s12665-012-1684-1
De Lucia M, Albrecht D, Bauer S, Beyer C, Kühn M, Nowak T, Pudlo D, Stadler S (2012) Modelling CO2-induced fluid–rock interactions in the Altensalzwedel gas reservoir. Part I: from experimental data to a reference geochemical model. Environ Earth Sci
Ellis D, Singer J (2008) Well logging for earth scientists, 2nd edn. Springer, Dordrecht
GDF SUEZ (2009) Clean DMS data management system, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences
Giorgis T, Carpita M, Battistelli A (2007) 2D modeling of salt precipitation during the injection of dry CO2 in a depleted gas reservoir. Energy Convers Manag 48(6):1816–1826. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2007.01.012
Kimminau S, Plasek R (1992) The design of pulsed neutron reservoir monitoring programs. SPE Form Eval 7(1):93–98 20589-PA
Kleinitz W, Koehler M, Dietzsch G (2001) The Precipitation of Salt in Gas Producing Wells. Paper SPE 68953 presented at SPE European Formation Damage Conference, The Hague, 21–22 May 2001, p 7
Kühn K, Tesmer M, Pilz P, Meyer R, Reinicke K, Förster A, Schäfer D, CLEAN Partners (2012) Overview of the joint research project CLEAN: CO2 large-scale enhanced gas recovery in the Altmark natural gas field (Germany). Environ Earth Sci
Kühn M, Förster A, Großmann J, Meyer R, Reinicke A, Schäfer D, Wendel H (2011) CLEAN: preparing for a CO2-based enhanced gas recovery in a depleted gas field in Germany. Energy Procedia 4:5520–5526. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2011.02.538
Morris C, Aswad T, Morris F, Quinlan T (2005) Reservoir monitoring with pulsed neutron capture logs. Paper SPE 94199 presented at SPE Europec/EAGE annual conference, Madrid, 13–16 Jun 2005, p 16
Müller N, Elshahawi H, Dong C, Mullins OC, Flannery M, Ardila M, Weinheber P, Chinn McDade E (2006) Quantification of carbon dioxide using downhole wireline formation tester measurements. Paper PSE 100739 presented at SPE annual technical conference and exhibition, San Antonio, 24–27 Sep 2006, p 10
Müller N, Ramakrishnan T, Boyd A, Sakruai S (2007) Time-lapse carbon dioxide monitoring with pulsed neutron logging. Int J Greenh Gas Control 1(4):456–472. doi:10.1016/S1750-5836(07)00071-0
Oldenburg CM, Stevens SH, Benson SM (2004) Economic feasibility of carbon sequestration with enhanced gas recovery (CSEGR). Energy 29(9–10):1413–1422
Plasek R, Adolph R, Stoller C, Willis D, Bordon E, Portal M (1995) Improved pulsed neutron capture logging with slim carbon–oxygen tools: methodology. Paper SPE 30598 presented at SPE annual technical conference and exhibition, Dallas, 22–25 Oct 1995, p 15
Pruess K, Müller N (2009) Formation dry-out from CO2 injection into saline aquifers: 1. Effects of solids precipitation and their mitigation. Water Resources Research 45(W03402):11. doi:10.1029/2008WR007101
Rowe AM, Chou JCS (1970) Pressure–volume–temperature–concentration relation of aqueous sodium chloride solutions. J Chem Eng Data 15:61–66
Sakurai S, Hovorka S, Ramakrishnan TS, Boyd A, Mueller N (2005) Monitoring saturation changes for CO2 sequestration: petro-physical support of the Frio brine pilot experiment. In: SPWLA 46th annual logging symposium, New Orleans, 26–29 Jun 2005, p 16
Sears VF (1992) Neutron scattering lengths and cross sections. Neutron News 3(3):29–37
Serra O (1984) Fundamentals of well-log interpretation, vol 1. Elsevier Science, Holland
Smolen J (1996) Cased hole and production log evaluation. Pennwell Publishing Company, Tulsa, Oklahoma
van der Burgt MJ, Cantle J, Boutkan VK (1992) Carbon dioxide disposal from coal-based IGCC’s in depleted gas fields. Energy Convers Manag 33(5–8):603–610. doi:10.1016/0196-8904(92)90062-2
Vu-Hoang D, Henninges J, Hurter S (2009) Monitoring carbon dioxide saturation through wireline logging techniques. In: Abstracts of the EGU Geophysical Research, EGU General Assembly, vol 11, Vienna, 2009. (EGU2009-10051)
Wang Y, Mackie E, Rohan J, Luce T, Knabe R, Appel M (2009) Experimental study on halite precipitation during CO2 sequestration. In: International symposium of the society of core analysis, SCA, The Netherlands, 27–30 Sep 2009, p 12
Wang Y, Luce T, Ishizawa C, Shuck M, Smith K, Ott H, Appel M (2010) Halite precipitation and permeability assessment during supercritical CO2 core flood. In: International symposium of the society of core analysis, Halifax, 4–7 Oct 2010, p 12
Zeidouni M, Pooladi-Darvish M, Keith D (2009) Sensitivity Analysis of Salt Precipitation and CO2-Brine Displacement in Saline Aquifers. Paper SPE 126690 presented at SPE international conference on CO2 capture, storage, and utilization, San Diego, 2–4 Nov 2009, p 16
Acknowledgments
This study was performed in the framework of the CLEAN project of the geoscientific research and development programme “GEOTECHNOLOGIEN” (publication number GEOTECH-1953, funded by the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Baumann, G., Henninges, J. Sensitivity study of pulsed neutron-gamma saturation monitoring at the Altmark site in the context of CO2 storage. Environ Earth Sci 67, 463–471 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-012-1708-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-012-1708-x