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Base flow hydrology and water quality of an Ozarks spring and associated recharge area, southern Missouri, USA

Environmental Earth Sciences volume 64, pages 169–183 (2011)Cite this article

Abstract

Human activities in the karst Ozark Plateaus can impact water quality of springs where surface water is rapidly transferred to subsurface conduits. Bennett Spring, in southern Missouri, is the fourth largest spring in the state and supports local tourism activities. Questions regarding poorly functioning on-site wastewater systems (OWS) have raised concerns over the long-term water quality of the spring. This study reports the results of a surface water quality monitoring program in the recharge area where monthly samples were collected at base flow to identify potential pollution sources to the spring. Base flow hydrology of the recharge area was highly variable over the study period, which was drier than normal, causing an incomplete sampling record due to no flow conditions at some sites. For most of the year, nutrient levels were less than the eutrophic threshold (ET) of 0.075 mg/l total phosphorus (TP) and 1.5 mg/l total nitrogen (TN). Sites that consistently displayed concentrations of TP and TN higher than the ET were influenced by wastewater treatment plants (WTP) or OWS. Sites with nutrient concentrations above the ET were likely influenced by the re-release of nonpoint source related TP and TN delivered to streams during storm events. Water quality and discharge at the spring outlet remained consistent over the sampling period suggesting diffuse recharge from a deep aquifer source is able to dilute shallow ground water sources carrying nonpoint pollutants at base flow. Historical and regional data comparisons show these trends have been consistent over at least the last two decades.

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Acknowledgments

This study was partially funded by the Southwest Missouri Council of Governments (SMCOG) in cooperation with the Bennett Springs Area Water Protection Committee (BSWPC) that received a Clean Water Act 604(b) subgrant from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Region 7, through the Missouri Department of Natural Resources (G07-WQM-01), to address on-site wastewater issues in the BSRA. The remainder of this study was funded by the Ozarks Environmental and Water Resources Institute at Missouri State University. The authors would also like to thank Stacey Armstrong, Mark Gossard, Heather Hoggard, Derek Martin, Gwenda Schlomer, David Speer, and Patrick Womble for their work in the field and laboratory.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Ozarks Environmental and Water Resources Institute, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, USA

    Marc R. Owen & Robert T. Pavlowsky

  2. Department of Geography, Geology, and Planning, Missouri State University, 901 S. National, Springfield, MO, USA

    Robert T. Pavlowsky

Authors
  1. Marc R. Owen
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  2. Robert T. Pavlowsky
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Correspondence to Marc R. Owen.

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Owen, M.R., Pavlowsky, R.T. Base flow hydrology and water quality of an Ozarks spring and associated recharge area, southern Missouri, USA. Environ Earth Sci 64, 169–183 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-010-0836-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-010-0836-4

Keywords

  • Karst
  • Spring
  • Water quality
  • Nutrients
  • Ozarks