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M-Mode Echomyography of Facial Muscle Function Following Facial Reanimation with Temporalis Muscle Galea Pedicled Flap: Analysis of Ten Cases with Review of Literature

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Abstract

Introduction

Facial palsy is a condition where the patients lack voluntary movement on the affected side of the face and are not able to convey their emotions. Besides that, they also succumb themselves to social isolation. Various techniques have been devised to overcome this devastating problem. The aim of this article is to evaluate and compare facial muscle function before and after facial reanimation with temporalis muscle galea pedicled flap by motion mode echomyography in patients with long-standing facial paralysis.

Patients and Methods

Ten patients with long-standing facial paralysis were included in the study (six patients with LMN palsy and four patients with facial weakness involving specific peripheral branches), and they subsequently underwent facial reanimation surgery with temporalis galea pedicled flap. These patients were followed postoperatively for a period of 1–2 years and were subjectively graded as excellent, good, fair and poor and objectively evaluated by M-mode echomyography, and the results were evaluated and statistically analyzed.

Results

Subjectively, out of 6 patients with LMN palsy, results were graded as excellent in 2 cases, good in 3 cases, fair in 1 case, and out of 4 patients with weakness in specific facial nerve branches, the subjective results were excellent in 2 cases, good in 1 case and fair in 1 case. Objectively, the effect of transposed temporalis galea on orbicularis occuli, levator labii superioris and orbicularis oris was found to be statistically significant in patients with LMN palsy.

Conclusion

Our study proves the versatility of temporalis muscle galea pedicled flap in cases of long-standing facial paralysis by motion mode echomyography.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge Dr.S. Rajaram—Professor and Head, Department of Radiology, for his help and guidance in doing the objective analysis for all these patients.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Vinayaka Mission’s Sankarachariyar Dental College, Vinayaka Mission Research Foundation- Deemed to be University, Salem, India

    Balamanikandasrinivasan Chandrasekaran

  2. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, RVS Dental College and Hospital, Trichy Road, Kannampalayam, Sulur, Coimbatore, 641402, India

    M. Rekha

  3. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Chennai, India

    R. S. Neelakandan

  4. Sri Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Hyderabad, India

    Pramod Kumar Gandra

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  1. Balamanikandasrinivasan Chandrasekaran
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  2. M. Rekha
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  3. R. S. Neelakandan
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  4. Pramod Kumar Gandra
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Correspondence to M. Rekha.

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Chandrasekaran, B., Rekha, M., Neelakandan, R.S. et al. M-Mode Echomyography of Facial Muscle Function Following Facial Reanimation with Temporalis Muscle Galea Pedicled Flap: Analysis of Ten Cases with Review of Literature. J. Maxillofac. Oral Surg. 19, 571–578 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12663-019-01292-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12663-019-01292-z

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