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Sediment movement over a triangular weir with an upstream ramp using a high-speed camera

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Abstract

The presence of an upstream ramp in a triangular (hump) weir (TW-UR) increases its discharging capacity and sediment passage possibilities than traditional weirs. Presented in this paper is an experimental investigation on the tracking of incipient movement of individual sediment particle sizing from 1.4 to 3.07 mm over the channel bed upstream of a TW-UR and its ramp. The sediment movements were recorded by a high-speed camera and analysed using image processing techniques. The shear stress on smooth upstream bed was calculated using Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter. The critical condition for sediment movement over upstream bed and its regime were compared with previous investigations. Furthermore, Computational Fluid Dynamics simulation was performed to compute the shear stress on the upstream ramp. It was found that sediment loses its velocity while approaching the ramp and stops momentarily at the toe of the ramp. The maximum particle velocity at the end of the ramp varies from 0.47 to 0.78 m s−1. Enhanced hydrodynamic force along the ramp increases the particle kinematics. A rapid increase in shear stress was observed in the downstream part of the ramp. The ratio of maximum particle velocity to flow velocity near the ramp end is around 0.75. It was found that about 20–60% of additional shear stress is required to move particles over the ramp. The present study is useful for maintaining the sediment continuity in channels using triangular (hump) weirs which are basically used as embankment weirs.

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Abbreviations

a s :

Resultant acceleration of sediment particle (m s−2)

d :

Size of sediment particle (× 10−3 m)

D 1 :

Distance from the right wall of the flume (m)

F:

Froude number of the approach flow (-)

F s :

Resultant force on sediment particle (× 10−5 N)

F t :

Total hydrodynamic force acting on the particle due to the combination of drag and lift (× 10–5 N)

h :

Brink depth of water over the weir edge (m)

L r :

Horizontal distance from the beginning of TW-UR (m)

L r1 :

Captured length (m)

L r2 :

Actual length (m)

N sh :

Shields number (–)

Q :

Discharge (× 10−3m3 s−1)

Re* :

Particle Reynolds number (–)

Rp :

Explicit particle Reynolds number (–)

S s :

Specific gravity of sediment (–)

u c * :

Critical shear velocity (m s−1)

u c :

Characteristics velocity (m s−1)

V c :

Mean flow velocity at 1.0 m upstream of the weir (m s−1)

v s :

Resultant velocity of sediment particle (m s−1)

v s max :

Maximum resultant velocity of sediment particle (m s−1)

V max :

Maximum flow velocity near the downstream weir drop (m s−1)

W′ :

Submerged weight of the particle (N)

y :

Depth of flow (m)

α :

Inclination angle or upstream angle of weir to the horizontal axis (degree)

γ :

Specific weight of water (N m−3)

ν :

Kinematic viscosity (m2 s−1)

θ s :

Angle of orientation of sediment particle velocity to the horizontal axis (degree)

τ o :

Bed shear stress at any location over the upstream ramp (N m−2)

τ bcib :

Critical bed shear stress corresponding to the incipient movement of sediment over upstream bed (N m−2)

τ bcir :

Critical bed shear stress corresponding to the incipient movement of sediment over TW-UR (N m−2)

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Acknowledgements

The first author is grateful to the Ministry of Human Resources Development, Govt. of India for research scholarship.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India

    Binit Kumar & Zulfequar Ahmad

  2. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway

    Subhojit Kadia

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  1. Binit Kumar
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  2. Subhojit Kadia
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Correspondence to Binit Kumar.

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Kumar, B., Kadia, S. & Ahmad, Z. Sediment movement over a triangular weir with an upstream ramp using a high-speed camera. J Vis 25, 1017–1033 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12650-022-00831-0

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