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Unsteady wake vortices in jets in cross-flow

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Abstract

The current flow visualization study investigates unsteady wake vortices of jets in cross-flow in order to (1) advance the understanding of their origin and characteristics and (2) explore various excitation techniques for organizing and accentuating them. An isolated circular jet passed through a nozzle and entered the cross-flow normal to the wall. Free stream velocities up to 5 m/s and jet-to-cross-flow velocity ratio range between 1 and 10 were covered. While mechanical perturbation did not result in any significant periodic organization of the wake vortices, the database obtained for the unperturbed flow provided further insight into their behavior. The key finding was that the wake vortices always originated from the lee-side of the jet where the jet efflux boundary layer and the wall boundary layer intersected. In no case these vortices were seen to form either from the wall boundary layer or the jet shear layer at downstream locations. After formation the wake vortex twists and stretches as it convects downstream with the base still attached to the near-wall region on the jet’s lee side. The top remains connected to the underside of the jet where the tracer particles dissipate due to high turbulence in the shear layer.

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Abbreviations

D :

Nozzle diameter

J :

Momentum-flux ratio, \( j = \left( {\rho_{j} U^{2}_{j} } \right)/\rho_{\text{cf}} U^{2}_{\text{cf}} \)

U :

Mean jet or free-stream velocity normalized by U cf

VR:

Velocity ratio, \( {\text{VR}} = U_{j} /U_{\text{cf}} \)

j :

Jet

cf:

cross-flow

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Acknowledgments

Testing and research done for this work was made possible by the support of the NASA faculty fellowship program and the subsonic fixed wing project of the fundamental aeronautics program. The authors thank Dr. David Kankam and Ms. Bernice Beznoska for their organizational leadership. Thanks go also to Dr. Daniel Paxson and Mr. Chris Lynch for their support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Hartford, West Hartford, USA

    Ivana Milanovic

  2. NASA GRC, Cleveland, USA

    Khairul B. M. Q. Zaman & Timothy J. Bencic

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  1. Ivana Milanovic
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  2. Khairul B. M. Q. Zaman
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  3. Timothy J. Bencic
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Correspondence to Ivana Milanovic.

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Milanovic, I., Zaman, K.B.M.Q. & Bencic, T.J. Unsteady wake vortices in jets in cross-flow. J Vis 15, 45–55 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12650-011-0114-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12650-011-0114-x

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