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Pyrolysis of Palm Fronds Waste into Bio-Oil and Upgrading Process Via Esterification-Hydrodeoxygenation Using Cu–Zn Metal Oxide Catalyst Loaded on Mordenite Zeolite

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Abstract

Bio-oil from the pyrolysis of palm fronds waste has potential to be used as an alternative fuel. However, due to its poor physicochemical properties, it requires further treatment to improve its overall quality. In this study, the conversion of palm fronds waste into bio-oil was carried out using the semi-fast pyrolysis at 500 °C and continued with esterification and hydrodeoxygenation (HDO). Metal oxides of Cu and Zn with a zeolite carrier mordenite (Mor) were used as bifunctional catalysts in the HDO reaction performed in a fixed-bed system reactor with temperature variations (250, 300, and 350 °C) for 2 h. Upgraded bio-oil (UBO) products at optimum conditions were analyzed for their physicochemical properties. In the pyrolysis process, the highest bio-oil conversion of 46.3% was obtained at a sample size of 60 mesh with the main component of furan compounds (46.31%). In the upgrading process through the esterification pretreatment, the optimum condition of HDO was determined to be at 300 °C, this can be seen from the high yield of liquid phase products produced on each catalyst (Mor; 89.85%, and CuO-ZnO/Mor; 88.25%). The physicochemical properties of upgraded bio-oil obtained under optimum conditions showed an increase in the quality of bio-oil with a decrease in water content (up to 23%), an increase in higher heating value (HHV) (up to 14.67% in CuO-ZnO/Mor). It is known that HDO with CuO-ZnO/Mor catalyst has a higher selectivity than Mor catalyst in converting aromatic hydrocarbon compounds such as methyl cyclohexane which is a potential component of a fuel.

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Data Availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Funding

The authors would like to thank the Institute for Research and Community Service (LPPM) Universitas Negeri Medan for the financial support provided through the collaborative research scheme between institutions and universities with grant number No. 002/UN33.8/PPKM/IKU/2022.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Medan, Jl. Willem Iskandar Pasar V Medan Estate, Medan, 20221, Indonesia

    Ahmad Nasir Pulungan, Lisnawaty Simatupang, Muhammad Irvan Hasibuan & Junifa Layla Sihombing

  2. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore

    Ronn Goei & Alfred Iing Yoong Tok

  3. Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Medan, Jl. Willem Iskandar Pasar V Medan Estate, Medan, 20221, Indonesia

    Fauziyah Harahap & Cicik Suriani

  4. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Jl. Bioteknologi No. 1, Medan, 20155, Indonesia

    Saharman Gea

Authors
  1. Ahmad Nasir Pulungan
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  2. Ronn Goei
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  3. Fauziyah Harahap
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  4. Lisnawaty Simatupang
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  5. Cicik Suriani
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  6. Saharman Gea
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  7. Muhammad Irvan Hasibuan
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  8. Junifa Layla Sihombing
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  9. Alfred Iing Yoong Tok
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Contributions

ANP: conseptualization, methodology, data curation, investigation, writing—original draft. RG: conseptualization, formal analysis, writing—original draft. FH: formal analysis, data curation, writing—review and editing. LS: formal analysis, writing—review and editing. CS: data curation, writing—review and editing. SG: supervision, data curation, writing—review and editing. MIH: software, investigation, writing—review and editing. JLS: visualization, investigation, writing—original draft. AIYT: supervision, data curation, writing – review and editing.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Ahmad Nasir Pulungan or Alfred Iing Yoong Tok.

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Pulungan, A.N., Goei, R., Harahap, F. et al. Pyrolysis of Palm Fronds Waste into Bio-Oil and Upgrading Process Via Esterification-Hydrodeoxygenation Using Cu–Zn Metal Oxide Catalyst Loaded on Mordenite Zeolite. Waste Biomass Valor 15, 187–206 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-023-02153-0

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