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Comparative Evaluation of Microbial Ensilaging of Fish, Vegetable and Fish-Vegetable Composite Wastes

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to see how differences in the C/N ratio affected the microbial decomposition of composite waste from fish and vegetables, which led to the development of composite silage. In this experiment, T1 (100% FW), T2 (100% VW), and T3 (80% FW + 20% VW), along with carbohydrate (15% Jaggery) and starter culture Lactobacillus acidophilus (MTCC 10,307), were used for the microbial ensilation. Variations in proximate composition, chemical changes (pH, TTA), the proteinous nitrogenous fraction (C/N ratio, NPN, DH), lipid oxidation (TBARs), and microbial total LAB & Fungal counts (log cfu/g) were investigated on every alternative day during the three weeks of microbial ensilage at room temperature (30 ± 2 °C). A significant (P < 0.05) decrease in carbon/nitrogen ratio was observed among T1 (9.36–7.50), T2 (22.31–20.27), and T3 (11.96–7.0) during the ensilage of three weeks in room temperature (30 ± 2 °C). In all the treatments, titratable acidity and LAB (107–1010 log cfu /gm) show increasing trends which are correlated with the decrease in carbon/nitrogen ratio and pH value (< 4.5) after 72 h of ensilage. Nitrogenous fraction (NPN, DH), and lipid peroxidation product (TBARs) change significantly (P < 0.05) in the following trend T1 > T3 > T2, respectively. Yeast and mould counts were absent in all the samples. The results indicated that the carbon/nitrogen ratio substantially affects the microbial ensilage of fish and vegetable waste. The best combination of the C/N ratio can effectively ensilage these two different stream wastes as animal feed ingredients in the aquaculture industry.

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Data Availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Not applicable.

Abbreviations

FW::

Fish Waste

VW::

Vegetable Waste

C H N S::

Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Sulphur

C/N ratio::

Carbon/Nitrogen ratio

NPN::

Non-Protein Nitrogen

DH::

Degree of Hydrolysis

TTA::

Total Titratable Acidity

TBARs::

Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances

TCA::

Trichloroacetic acid

PN::

Protein Nitrogen

TN::

Total Nitrogen

CP::

Crude Protein

DM::

Dry Matter

AOAC::

Association of Official Agricultural Chemists

MTCC::

Microbial Type Culture Collection and Gene Bank

CFU::

Colony forming units

MRS agar::

De Man Rogosa and Sharpe agar

TLAB::

Total Lactic acid Bacteria

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Acknowledgements

The authors thankfully acknowledge the ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education for students fellowship and National Agricultural Higher Education Project (NAHEP) for the financial and infrastructure support to carry out the research work.

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  1. Department of Post-Harvest Technology, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, 400061, Maharashtra, India

    Subal Kumar Ghosh, Ramakrishna Reddy, K. A. Martin Xavier, Amjad K. Balange, H. Sanath Kumar & Binaya Bhusan Nayak

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Contributions

SKG: Carried out the research work and prepared the manuscript; RK: Helped in experimentation; KAM and AKB: Intermediate review of work and facilitation of instrumental analyses. SKH: Co-guidance and facilitation of microbial analyses BBN: Conceptualization of research design, guidance, and manuscript correction.

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Correspondence to Binaya Bhusan Nayak.

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Ghosh, S.K., Reddy, R., Xavier, K.A.M. et al. Comparative Evaluation of Microbial Ensilaging of Fish, Vegetable and Fish-Vegetable Composite Wastes. Waste Biomass Valor 14, 1657–1666 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-022-01956-x

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