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In-Vivo Evaluation of the Suitability of By-Product-Derived Phosphate Feed Supplements for Use in the Circular Economy, Using Juvenile African Catfish as Model Species

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Abstract

Fish bone by-products from the fish processing industry contain significant amounts of phosphates, which could be utilized as animal feed supplements that substitute conventional mined rock phosphates. The study evaluated whether two by-product derived ingredients (fish bone meal and inorganic dicalcium phosphate extracted from fish bones) could substitute conventional dietary phosphorous sources in formulated diets for African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, and thereby demonstrate a pathway through which these by-products can be valorised and utilized through a circular economy approach. Conventional feed phosphates were 100% substituted by fish bone meal (treatment FB), and 100% and 50% by inorganic dicalcium phosphate (treatments DCP100 and DCP50 respectively). All experimental diets sustained high specific growth rates of 4.83–4.99%.day−1, without any differences in final animal weight or body condition factor between treatments. Blood serum indicators of non-specific immune function were unaffected by dietary treatment, as were vertebrae mineral content and the Ca:P ratio. Whole body lipid accumulation was found for both diets that substituted 100% of conventional phosphates, but in the absence of other evidence it is unlikely that this indicates decreased dietary phosphorous availability of the ingredients. The study concludes that fish bone meal and inorganic dicalcium phosphate extracted from fish by-products can be a viable alternative dietary source of phosphorous, at least in the case of Clarias gariepinus. It is recommended that future research should include determining economic viability of these ingredients in aquafeeds, on estimating whether these ingredients cause increased environmental impacts relative to conventional mined feed phosphates.

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Data Availability

Data are openly available as part of the appendices of a Masters thesis, published openly by Stellenbosch University.

Code Availability

N/A.

Abbreviations

ANOVA:

Analysis of variance

AOAC:

Association of Official Analytical Chemists

CF:

Condition factor

DCP:

Dicalcium phosphate

EAA:

Essential amino acid

EM:

Extruded maize meal

FCR:

Feed conversion ratio

FM:

Fish meal

HPLC:

High performance liquid chromatography

P:

Phosphorous

RWG:

Relative weight gain

SGR:

Specific growth rate

SM:

Soybean meal

Wi :

Initial weight

Wf :

Final weight

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Acknowledgements

Funding for research costs was provided by the South African Protein Research Foundation under Grant Number P07/22/185/15, for which the authors are very grateful. Personal bursary funding for Mr. Swanepoel was obtained from the South African Oilseeds Advisory Committee, and the SA National Research Foundation (Grant Number TTK13070520623), and both these organisations are gratefully acknowledged. Opinions expressed and conclusions arrived at, are those of the authors and are not necessarily to be attributed to the funding organisations.

Funding

Funding for research costs was provided by the South African Protein Research Foundation under Grant Number P07/22/185/15. Personal bursary funding for Mr. Swanepoel was obtained from the South African Oilseeds Advisory Committee, and the SA National Research Foundation (Grant Number TTK13070520623).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Process Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa

    Johannes Christoffel Swanepoel & Neill Jurgens Goosen

  2. Introlab, 12 Oudepont Street, Wellington Industrial Park, Wellington, South Africa

    Johannes Christoffel Swanepoel

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  1. Johannes Christoffel Swanepoel
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Contributions

JCS planned and performed the research, collected, analysed and interpreted the data and produced a postgraduate research thesis based on his work. NJG conceptualized and sourced funding for the work, contributed to data analysis and interpretation, and prepared the manuscript. He was furthermore the sole academic supervisor for JCS through this study.

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Correspondence to Neill Jurgens Goosen.

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Neither of the authors are currently or were previously employed by any of the funders, or organisations that work closely with the funders, and none of the funders had any hand in planning, performing or reporting of the research. Furthermore, neither of the authors are aware of any other actual or potential conflict of interest.

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Ethics approval was obtained from the Stellenbosch University Research Ethics Committee: Animal Care and Use, under Protocol number SU-ACUD16-00062.

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Swanepoel, J.C., Goosen, N.J. In-Vivo Evaluation of the Suitability of By-Product-Derived Phosphate Feed Supplements for Use in the Circular Economy, Using Juvenile African Catfish as Model Species. Waste Biomass Valor 13, 4639–4649 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-022-01781-2

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