Abstract
We describe herein a detailed study on the effect of molar ratio MR = n(OH−)/n(Ca2+) on the Phosphogypsum (PG) waste ammonia-carbonation process. The use of an aqueous NH3 solution/gaseous CO2 mixture as an alternative and environmental medium compared with other mediums [(NH4)2CO3 for example] is proposed for CO2 capture and PG recycling. The main purity, reaction time, and production efficiency of the obtained products were systematically studied for the different molar ratios using several physicochemical techniques: XRD, XRF, FTIR, SEM/EDX, pH, and electrical conductivity meters. For economic reasons, the molar ratio was varied to obtain values close to those of the stoichiometry, MR (2 ≤ MR ≤ 4). The obtained results show that the MR presents an important effect on the conversion process. In parallel, a comparative study between the conversion process of the synthetic gypsum (SG) and PG shows that the two samples are similar. All these findings revealed that PG waste could be used as a substituent to the SG in the general application of this last useful product.
Graphic Abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Anfar, Z., et al.: Technology Recent trends on numerical investigations of response surface methodology for pollutants adsorption onto activated carbon materials: a review surface methodology for pollutants adsorption onto. Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. (2019). https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2019.1642835
Bouargane, B., et al.: Experimental investigation of the effects of synthesis parameters on the precipitation of calcium carbonate and Portlandite from Moroccan phosphogypsum and pure gypsum using carbonation route. Waste Biomass Valoriz. (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-019-00923-3
Pérez-Moreno, S.M., Gázquez, M.J., Pérez-López, R., Vioque, I., Bolívar, J.P.: Assessment of natural radionuclides mobility in a phosphogypsum disposal area. Chemosphere 211, 775–783 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.193
Cuadri, A.A., Pérez-Moreno, S., Altamar, C.L., Navarro, F.J., Bolívar, J.P.: Phosphogypsum as additive for foamed bitumen manufacturing used in asphalt paving. J. Clean. Prod. (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124661
Harrou, A., Gharibi, E.K., Taha, Y., Fagel, N., El Ouahabi, M.: Phosphogypsum and black steel slag as additives for ecological bentonite-based materials: microstructure and characterization. Minerals 10(12), 1–16 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/min10121067
Wang, J., et al.: A novel method for purification of phosphogypsum. Physicochem. Probl. Miner. Process. 56(5), 975–983 (2020). https://doi.org/10.37190/PPMP/127854
Ma, B., Jin, Z., Su, Y., Lu, W., Qi, H., Hu, P.: Utilization of hemihydrate phosphogypsum for the preparation of porous sound absorbing material. Constr. Build. Mater. 234, 117346 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117346
Torres-Sánchez, R., Sánchez-Rodas, D., de la Campa, A.M.S., Kandler, K., Schneiders, K., de la Rosa, J.D.: Geochemistry and source contribution of fugitive phosphogypsum particles in Huelva, (SW Spain). Atmos. Res. 230, 1–11 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2019.104650
Burnett, W.C., Elzerman, A.W.: Nuclide migration and the environmental radiochemistry of Florida phosphogypsum. J. Environ. Radioact. 54(1), 27–51 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0265-931X(00)00164-8
Burnett, W.C., Schultz, M.K., Hull, C.D.: Radionuclide flow during the conversion of phosphogypsum to ammonium sulfate. J. Environ. Radioact. 32(1–2), 33–51 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1016/0265-931X(95)00078-O
Tayibi, H., Choura, M., López, F.A., Alguacil, F.J., López-Delgado, A.: Environmental impact and management of phosphogypsum. J. Environ. Manage. 90(8), 2377–2386 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.03.007
Bchitou, R., Hamad, M., Lacout, J.L., Ferhat, M.: Effets du cadmium sur la formation du phosphogypse lors de la production de l’acide phosphorique. Phosphorus, Sulfur Silicon Relat Elem. 139, 147–162 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1080/10426509808035684
Villalón, I., Viktoras, F., Danutė, D., Dalia, V.: The investigation of phosphogypsum specimens processed by press—forming method. Waste and Biomass Valoriz. (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-020-01067-5
Bouargane, B., et al.: Recovery of Ca(OH)2, CaCO3 and Na2SO4 from Moroccan phosphogypsum waste. J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manag. 21, 1563–1571 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-019-00910-9
Altiner, M.: Effect of alkaline types on the production of calcium carbonate particles from gypsum waste for fixation of CO2 by mineral carbonation. Int. J. Coal Prep. Util. 39(3), 113–131 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1080/19392699.2018.1452739
Kandil, A.-H.T., Cheira, M.F., Gado, H.S., Soliman, M.H., Akl, H.M.: Ammonium sulfate preparation from phosphogypsum waste. J. Radiat. Res. Appl. Sci. 10(1), 24–33 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrras.2016.11.001
Lu, S.Q., Lan, P.Q., Wu, S.F.: Preparation of nano-CaCO3 from phosphogypsum by gas-liquid-solid reaction for CO2 sorption. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 55(38), 10172–10177 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.6b02551
Cárdenas-Escudero, C., Morales-Flórez, V., Pérez-López, R., Santos, A., Esquivias, L.: Procedure to use phosphogypsum industrial waste for mineral CO2 sequestration. J. Hazard. Mater. 196, 431–435 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.09.039
Biyoune, M.G., et al.: Water quality depends on remineralization’s method in the desalination plant. Mediterr. J. Chem. 10(2), 162–170 (2020). https://doi.org/10.13171/mjc10202002141228mgb
Douahem, H., Hammi, H.A., Hamzaoui, H., Nif, A.M.: A preliminary study of phosphogypsum transformation into calcium fluoride. J. Tun. Chem. Soc. 19, 147–151 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1080/120589642.2017.44568992
Larsen, M.J., Jensen, S.J.: Experiments on the initiation of calcium fluoride formation with reference to the solubility of dental enamel and Brushite. Arch. Oral Biol. 39(1), 23–27 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-9969(94)90030-2
Kawano, N., Nakauchi, D., Fukuda, K., Okada, G., Kawaguchi, N., Yanagida, T.: Comparative study of scintillation and dosimetric properties between Tm-doped CaF2 translucent ceramic and single crystal. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 57(10), 1–4 (2018). https://doi.org/10.7567/JJAP.57.102401
Eloneva, S., Teir, S., Salminen, J., Fogelholm, C.J., Zevenhoven, R.: Steel converter slag as a raw material for precipitation of pure calcium carbonate. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 47(18), 7104–7111 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1021/ie8004034
Han, Y.S., Hadiko, G., Fuji, M., Takahashi, M.: Influence of initial CaCl2 concentration on the phase and morphology of CaCO3 prepared by carbonation. J. Mater. Sci. 41(14), 4663–4667 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-0037-4
Msila, X., Billing, D.G., Barnard, W.: Capture and storage of CO2 into waste phosphogypsum: the modified Merseburg process. Clean Technol. Environ. Policy 18(8), 2709–2715 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-016-1157-4
Wang, X., Maroto-Valer, M., Shiwang, G., Shisen, X.: Aqueous ammonia capture integrated with ex-situ mineralisation using recyclable salts for industrial CCS. Energy Procedia 37, 7199–7204 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2013.06.657
Dri, M., Sanna, A., Maroto-Valer, M.M.: Mineral carbonation from metal wastes: effect of solid to liquid ratio on the efficiency and characterization of carbonated products. Appl. Energy 113, 515–523 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.07.064
Abbas, K.K.: Study on the production of ammonium sulfate fertlizer from phosphogypsum. Eng. Technol. J. 29(4), 814–821 (2011). https://www.uotechnology.edu.iq/tec_magaz/volum292011/No.4.2011/text/Text%20(15).pdf
Vlasjan, S.V., Voloshin, N.D., Shestozub, A.B.: Producing calcium nitrate and rare-earth element concentrates by phosphogypsum conversion. Chem. Technol. 64(2), 58–62 (2014). https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.ct.64.2.6024
Mattila, H.P., Zevenhoven, R.: Mineral carbonation of phosphogypsum waste for production of useful carbonate and sulfate salts. Front. Energy Res. 3, 1–8 (2015). https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2015.00048
Cai, Q., et al.: Efficient removal of phosphate impurities in waste phosphogypsum for the production of cement. Sci. Total Environ. 780, 146600 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146600
Rutherford, P.M., Dudas, M.J., Arocena, J.M.: Radioactivity and elemental composition of phosphogypsum produced from three phosphate rock sources. Waste Manage. Res. 13, 407–423 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0734-242X(05)80021-7
Grabas, K., Pawełczyk, A., Stręk, W., Szełęg, E., Stręk, S.: Study on the properties of waste apatite phosphogypsum as a raw material of prospective applications. Waste Biomass Valoriz (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-018-0316-8
Bourgier, V.: Influence des ions monohydrogénophosphates et fluorophosphates sur les propriétés des phosphogypses et la réactivité des phosphoplâtres.,” Thèse de doctorat. Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne (2008)
Hammas-Nasri, I., Elgharbi, S., Ferhi, M., Horchani-Naifera, K., Férid, M.: Investigation of phosphogypsum valorization by the integration of the Merseburg method. NJC 00, 1–8 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/D0NJ00387E
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to express their gratitude to Mrs Hinda SIRADJ and Mr. Brahim AKHSASSI for proofreading and polishing the language of our manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Idboufrade, A., Bouargane, B., Ennasraoui, B. et al. Phosphogypsum Two-Step Ammonia-Carbonation Resulting in Ammonium Sulfate and Calcium Carbonate Synthesis: Effect of the Molar Ratio OH−/Ca2+ on the Conversion Process. Waste Biomass Valor 13, 1795–1806 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-021-01600-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-021-01600-0