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Sustainable Valorization of Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) by Product Through Recovering Protective Polysaccharides Against Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity in Rats

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Abstract

Pistacia vera by-products are discarded by the pistachio processing industries, notably leading to environmental problems. By-products such as external green hull represent a major part of the nut. Thus, there is an urgent need to find suitable applications for this by-product. In this context, this study was designed to promote the management of these by-products rich of biologically active molecules. The present study reports the extraction method of pistachio external hull polysaccharides (PHP) and their protective effects against the hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in vivo caused by CCl4 and cisplatin in rats, respectively. Results showed that CCl4 and cisplatin administration altered the hepatic and renal functions. Whereas PHP treatment restored the increased plasmatic biomarkers of hepatotoxicity through deacreasing the percentage of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) by 23.23, 98.97, and 81.39%, respectively. PHP reestablished also plasmatic biomarkers of nephrotoxicity (creatinine, urea, and uric acid) and their levels were reduced by 17.5, 14.59 and 14.81%, respectively. PHP normalized plasmatic lipid profile, in so far as total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), were altered by CCl4. In addition, PHP pre-co-treatment markedly improved the oxidative stress biomarkers, as evidenced by the reduction of lipid peroxidation by 50 and 67.56% in both liver and kidney tissues. It was also marked by the elevation of the superoxyde dismutase (SOD), glutathion peroxydase (GSH-Px), and catalase activities by 19.89, 31.15, and 27.57% compared with CCl4-treated rats and by 20.49, 40.55, and 61.82%, respectively, compared with cisplatin-treated group. The detected potential role of PHP in liver and kidney tissues were supported by histopathologic examination. Due to their antioxidant activity, PHP’s monosaccharides could be considered as powerful agents able to prevent the hepatic and renal tissue. The obtained results confirmed the medicinal benefits of pistachio external hull and highlighted the potential beneficial reuse of hulls as a source of bio-antioxidants for the pharmaceutical industries.

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Acknowledgements

This work was funded by the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Tunisia. The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to Mr. Haythem Chiboub, Professeur agrégé of English Language, from the Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, Tunisia who provided professional support in the proofreading, editing, and language polishing of the present manuscript. The authors would like to thank Mr. Chalbi (Pistachio Processing Plant, Gafsa-Tunisia) for providing raw materials.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory for the Improvement of Plants and Valorization of Agroressources, National School of Engineering of Sfax (ENIS), University of Sfax, 3038, Sfax, Tunisia

    Mariem Hamed, Assaad Sila, Anissa Haddar & Ali Bougatef

  2. Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Campus Universitaire, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia

    Mariem Hamed

  3. Research Unit of Macromolecular Biochemistry and Genetic, Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, University of Gafsa, 2112, Gafsa, Tunisia

    Anouar Feriani & Jazia Sdayria

  4. Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, Gafsa University, 2112, Gafsa, Tunisia

    Assaad Sila

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  1. Mariem Hamed
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  2. Anouar Feriani
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  3. Assaad Sila
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  4. Jazia Sdayria
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Contributions

The experiments were conceived and designed by MH, AF, AS and AB. The experiments were performed by MH, AH and AF. The data were analysed by MH, AH  and AF. Reagents and materials were provided by AB, AS, JS. Software and analysis tools were provided by AH. The manuscript was written by MH, reviewed, and edited by AB.

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Correspondence to Ali Bougatef.

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Hamed, M., Feriani, A., Sila, A. et al. Sustainable Valorization of Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) by Product Through Recovering Protective Polysaccharides Against Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity in Rats. Waste Biomass Valor 13, 467–479 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-021-01545-4

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