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Characterization and Utilization of Landfill-Mined-Soil-Like-Fractions (LFMSF) for Sustainable Development: A Critical Appraisal

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Abstract

Unscientifically Created Landfills and Dumps, UCLDs, pose a severe threat to geoenvironment due to uncontrolled release of greenhouse gases and toxic leachate, accidental fire(s) and occasional slope failure(s). Further, UCLDs also become a socio-economic burden on the municipalities through the consumption of enormous land of the modern-day cities and creation of unhealthy living conditions for the surrounding populace. However, an increase in demand for the land to settle the ever-growing population of such cities and to meet the infrastructural requirements, the habitable boundaries of these cities are expanding, and hence mining of the UCLDs, termed as landfill mining, LFM, is being advocated. Apart from this, LFM facilitates the recovery of resources such as metals, plastics, glass and paper from the landfill mined residues, LMRs. Despite these advantages, LFM faces a significant challenge due to the creation of huge volumes of fine-fractions, separated from the LMRs, also known as ‘Landfill-Mined-Soil-like-Fractions’, LFMSF, which primarily is a conglomeration of organics, soils, debris and smaller chips of metals, plastics, and glass. Unfortunately, utilization of the LFMSF, as a manmade resource, has still not become a well-accepted practice. This is mainly due to the lack of understanding of the characteristics of the LFMSF that are mostly site-specific. With this in view, synthesis of the literature dealing with the issues related to the characterization and utilization of the LFMSF was conducted. It has been realized that by developing and following adequate characterization protocols and guidelines, the LFMSF can be utilized as a manmade resource for sustainable development, without impacting the geoenvironment adversely.

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Abbreviations

AASHTO:

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials

AMD:

Acid mine drainage

CEC:

Cation exchange capacity

COD:

Chemical oxygen demand

CV:

Calorific value

Cc :

Coefficient of curvature

Cu :

Coefficient of uniformity

D10 :

Particle size corresponding to 10% finer

D30 :

Particle size corresponding to 30% finer

D60 :

Particle size corresponding to 60% finer

EC:

Electrical conductivity

ELFM:

Enhanced landfill mining

EPA:

Environmental Protection Agency

EPS:

Extracellular polymeric substance

ESR:

Electron spin resonance

FA:

Fulvic acid

FTIR:

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

Gs :

Specific gravity

HA:

Humic acid

ISSCS:

Indian standard soil classification system

kd :

Distribution coefficient

LFM:

Landfill mining

LOI:

Loss on ignition

LMRs:

Landfill mined residues

LFMSF:

Landfill-mined soil-like-fractions

L/S ratio:

Liquid to solid ratio

MC:

Moisture content

MChg :

Hygroscopic moisture content

MSW:

Municipal solid waste

NFB:

Nitrogen fixing bacteria

NMR:

Nuclear magnetic resonance

NP:

Acid-neutralizing potential

NRC:

Nutrient retention capacity

OM:

Organic matter

PCR:

Polymerase chain reaction

PRB:

Permeable reactive barrier

PSB:

Phosphorous stabilizing bacteria

PSD:

Particle size distribution

RDF:

Refused derived fuel

SSA:

Specific surface area

TOC:

Total organic carbon

UCLDs:

Unscientifically created landfills and dumpsites

USCS:

Unified soil classification system

γb :

Bulk density

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Acknowledgements

The financial support received from the Department of Science and Technology, Technology Development and Transfer Division, India (DST/TDT/WMT/2017/239(G) DT. 14.03.2018) for conducting this study is thankfully acknowledged.

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  1. Centre for Technology Alternatives for Rural Areas (CTARA), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India

    N. Chandana

  2. Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India

    Venkata Siva Naga Sai Goli, Arif Mohammad & Devendra Narain Singh

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Chandana, N., Goli, V.S.N.S., Mohammad, A. et al. Characterization and Utilization of Landfill-Mined-Soil-Like-Fractions (LFMSF) for Sustainable Development: A Critical Appraisal. Waste Biomass Valor 12, 641–662 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-020-01052-y

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