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Non-catalytic Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil with High Free Fatty Acids Content Using Subcritical Methanol: Process Optimization and Evaluation

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Abstract

Palm cooking oil consumption in Indonesia is very high, and as a result, the used cooking oil which mostly ends up as the waste is also high. Direct discharge of waste cooking oil (WCO) into the environment causes serious environmental pollution problems. WCO contains triglyceride and free fatty acid, which can be converted into biodiesel. In this study, the conversion of WCO into biodiesel was conducted using non-catalytic subcritical methanol process. The effect of the ratio of WCO to methanol (w/v), temperature, and pressure on the recovery of biodiesel was investigated under constant reaction time of 4 h. Based on the Response Surface Methodology (RSM); temperature, pressure, and WCO to methanol ratio (w/v) gave a significant effect on the recovery of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). From the experimental result, the maximum FAME recovery obtained was 93.29% with the purity up to 97% (200 °C, 5.5 MPa, 3:10), while the predicted recovery calculated by RSM was 91.93% with the optimum condition: 200 °C, 5.5 MPa for WCO to methanol ratio 0.3061 (w/v). The experimental verification showed satisfactory agreement between the observed and predicted values with only 1.36% of error. Therefore, subcritical methanol has good prospects to be applied further in lieu of conventional process to utilize waste oil with high free fatty acid content.

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Abbreviations

WCO:

Waste cooking oil

FFA:

Free fatty acid

FAME:

Fatty acid methyl ester(s)

RSM:

Response surface methodology

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Widya Mandala Catholic University Surabaya, Kalijudan 37, Surabaya, 60114, Indonesia

    Jenni Lie, Maria Bangun Rizkiana, Felycia Edi Soetaredjo, Suryadi Ismadji & Maria Yuliana

  2. Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, 43 Keelung Road, Sec 4, Taipei, 10607, Taiwan

    Felycia Edi Soetaredjo, Yi-Hsu Ju & Suryadi Ismadji

  3. Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, 43 Keelung Road, Sec 4, Taipei, 10607, Taiwan

    Yi-Hsu Ju

  4. Taiwan Building Technology Center, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, 43 Keelung Road, Sec 4, Taipei, 10607, Taiwan

    Yi-Hsu Ju

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  1. Jenni Lie
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  2. Maria Bangun Rizkiana
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Correspondence to Felycia Edi Soetaredjo or Maria Yuliana.

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Lie, J., Rizkiana, M.B., Soetaredjo, F.E. et al. Non-catalytic Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil with High Free Fatty Acids Content Using Subcritical Methanol: Process Optimization and Evaluation. Waste Biomass Valor 11, 5771–5781 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-019-00889-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-019-00889-2

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