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A Mini Review of the Techno-environmental Sustainability of Biological Processes for the Treatment of High Organic Content Industrial Wastewater Streams

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Abstract

Industrial wastewater contains complex and slowly biodegradable compounds often ineffectively treated by conventional activated sludge (CAS) systems. Alternatively, advanced anaerobic technologies are implemented. The current study reviews different potential anaerobic schemes, factors influencing their final performance and optimum combinations of operational/design parameters. Anaerobic membrane bioreactors, upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors, expanded granular sludge beds, anaerobic hybrid reactors and inverse fluidized bed reactors are discussed. Their major advantages include: low energy requirements, energy recovery through biogas generation and high organic load removal. pH = 7, operation in a mesophilic environment and a hydraulic retention time long enough to enable anaerobic digestion in economically accepted reactor volumes are conditions that optimize the performance of anaerobic configurations. The evaluation additionally considers environmental aspects. The life cycle assessment of anaerobic industrial wastewater treatment reveals its positive environmental effect in terms of greenhouse gases emissions. Methane (a greenhouse gas) primarily contained in the biogas, despite being produced during anaerobic digestion, is utilized for energy production (heating, electricity) instead of being emitted to the atmosphere. Finally, anaerobic wastewater treatment is analyzed as part of the European Commission Innovation Deal that aims at converting conventional wastewater treatment plants to water resource recovery facilities able to combine sustainable wastewater treatment and water reuse.

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Abbreviations

ABR:

Anaerobic baffled reactor

AH:

Anaerobic hybrid

AnMBR:

Anaerobic membrane bioreactor

AS:

Activated sludge

CAS:

Conventional activated sludge

COD:

Chemical oxygen demand

d:

Days

h:

Hours

EGSB:

Expanded granular sludge bed

GHG:

Greenhouse gas

HRT:

Hydraulic retention time

IFBR:

Inverse fluidized bed reactor

LCA:

Life cycle assessment

OLR:

Organic loading rate

SBR:

Sequencing batch reactor

SRT:

Sludge retention time

UASB:

Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the Royal Society for funding the current research: Ad-Bio: Advanced Biological Wastewater Treatment Processes, Newton Advanced Fellowship -2015/R2. Theoni M. Massara is grateful to the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) of the UK for the 4-year full PhD studentship.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, Brunel University London, Uxbridge Campus, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, Middlesex, UK

    Theoni M. Massara & Evina Katsou

  2. Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge Campus, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, Middlesex, UK

    Theoni M. Massara & Evina Katsou

  3. Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ataturk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey

    Okan Tarik Komesli, Onur Sozudogru & Senba Komesli

  4. Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey

    Senba Komesli

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  1. Theoni M. Massara
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  2. Okan Tarik Komesli
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  3. Onur Sozudogru
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  4. Senba Komesli
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  5. Evina Katsou
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Correspondence to Evina Katsou.

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Massara, T.M., Komesli, O.T., Sozudogru, O. et al. A Mini Review of the Techno-environmental Sustainability of Biological Processes for the Treatment of High Organic Content Industrial Wastewater Streams. Waste Biomass Valor 8, 1665–1678 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-017-0022-y

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