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Utilization of Waste and Under-utilized Pongamia pinnata Seed Oil for Acquiring Maximal Process to Get Ameliorate Yield of Biodiesel Through Response Surface Methodology

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Abstract

The aim of this study was to use the under-utilized vegetable seed oil and produce high and better yield of biodiesel. The response surface methodology (RSM) was used, based on central composite rotatable design (CCRD), to optimize four trans-esterification reaction variables for getting high yield: catalyst concentration (CC; 0.25–1.0 %), reaction temperature (RT; 45–65 °C), CH3OH-to-oil molar ratio (6:1–12:1) and reaction time (30–90 min). The 24 full factorial CCRD design was applied, using four different parameters at five levels, each lead to 30 experiments to produce Pongamia pinnata oil-methyl esters (POMEs). The molar ratio of CH3OH to oil and RT were the most significant (p < 0.01) factors affecting the yield of POMEs. A linear relationship was recorded between the observed and predicted values (R 2 = 0.9744). Using multiple regression analysis a quadratic polynomial equation was recognized for methyl ester yield (MEY). The quadratic term of CC showed a significant (p < 0.0001) impact on esters yield. The interaction terms of CH3OH to oil molar ratio and CC with reaction time exhibited a +ve effect on the MEY (p < 0.05). The optimum reaction conditions for trans-esterification of oils were 6.1 CH3OH to oil ratio, 1.0 % CC, 65 °C RT and 1:30 h reaction time, resulting in Pongamia oil MEY of 94.88 %. The RSM was found to be a suitable technique for optimizing trans-esterification process and produced fuel was within the ranges of ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge Attock Oil Refinery of Pakistan for analyzing different fuel property tests. We also want to thank Dr. Farooq Anwar from the Department of Chemistry, University of Sargodha Pakistan for the valuable suggestion and guidance during the completion of this study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan

    Tahir Mehmood, Zovia Shaheen, Qudsia Tabassam, Faiza Siddique & Lubna Jabeen

  2. Department of Biochemistry, SMC, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan

    Shoaib Ahmad Malik

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Mehmood, T., Shaheen, Z., Malik, S.A. et al. Utilization of Waste and Under-utilized Pongamia pinnata Seed Oil for Acquiring Maximal Process to Get Ameliorate Yield of Biodiesel Through Response Surface Methodology. Waste Biomass Valor 7, 495–506 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-015-9472-2

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