Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Techno-economic and Environmental Assessment of p-Cymene and Pectin Production from Orange Peel

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Waste and Biomass Valorization Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Citrus production generates a large quantities of residues which can be used in the production of intermediate compounds for the production of value added products which can be used in the synthesis of industrial fine chemicals, fragrances, flavorings, herbicides, pharmaceutical products among others. This work presents a study to increase the value added of essential oils obtained from orange peel producing p-cymene and pectin. Techno-economic and environmental assessments were developed demonstrating that computer-aided process engineering tools can be used to evaluate the feasibility of integrated processes. Two scenarios were evaluated (with and without electricity generation) obtaining 9.22 and 42.63 kg/h with purities of 97 and 81 % of p-cymene and pectin respectively. In the scenario with electricity generation, 99.81 kWh was obtained, covering all requirements in the process. The techno-economic analysis showed that the most appropriate scheme was that without electricity generation reaching a production cost of 5.27 and 3.53 USD/kg of p-cymene and pectin respectively. Environmental analysis reveals that the potential environmental impact was lowest for the scenario without electricity generation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. MinAgricultura: Anuario estadistico de frutas y hortalizas 2007–2011. http://www.agronet.gov.co (2012). Accessed 25 Aug 2013

  2. Faostat: Crops production of oranges. http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567#ancor (2014). Accessed 27 March 2014

  3. Liu, Y., Shi, J., Langrish, T.A.G.: Water-based extraction of pectin from flavedo and albedo of orange peels. Chem. Eng. J. 120(3), 203–209 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Rojas, L.J.P., Perea, V.A., Stashenko, E.E.: Obtención de aceites esenciales y pectinas a partir de subproductos de jugos cítricos. Vitae 16(1), 110–115 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Bicu, I., Mustata, F.: Cellulose extraction from orange peel using sulfite digestion reagents. Bioresour. Technol. 102(21), 10013–10019 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Cerón, S.I., Cardona, A.C.: Evaluación del proceso integral para la obtención de aceite esencial y pectina a partir de cáscara de naranja. Ing. Ciencia 7, 65–86 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Lo Curto, R., Tripodo, M.M., Leuzzi, U., Giuffrè, D., Vaccarino, C.: Flavonoids recovery and SCP production from orange peel. Bioresour. Technol. 42(2), 83–87 (1992)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Luengo, E., Álvarez, I., Raso, J.: Improving the pressing extraction of polyphenols of orange peel by pulsed electric fields. Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. 17, 79–84 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Lagha, B.S., Madani, K.: Phenolic contents and antioxidant activity of orange varieties (Citrus sinensis L. and Citrus aurantium L.) cultivated in Algeria: peels and leaves. Ind. Crop Prod. 50, 723–730 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Allaf, T., Tomao, V., Besombes, C., Chemat, F.: Thermal and mechanical intensification of essential oil extraction from orange peel via instant autovaporization. Chem. Eng. Process. 72, 24–30 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Mira, B., Blasco, M., Subirats, S., Berna, A.: Supercritical CO2 extraction of essential oils from orange peel. J. Supercrit. Fluid 9(4), 238–243 (1996)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Rezzoug, S.A., Louka, N.: Thermomechanical process intensification for oil extraction from orange peels. Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. 10(4), 530–536 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Pourbafrani, M., Forgács, G., Horváth, I.S., Niklasson, C., Taherzadeh, M.J.: Production of biofuels, limonene and pectin from citrus wastes. Bioresour. Technol. 101(11), 4246–4250 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Grau, R.J., Zgolicz, P.D., Gutierrez, C., Taher, H.A.: Liquid phase hydrogenation, isomerization and dehydrogenation of limonene and derivatives with supported palladium catalysts. J. Mol. Catal. A Chem. 148(1–2), 203–214 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Gonçalves, J.A., Bueno, A.C., Gusevskaya, E.V.: Palladium-catalyzed oxidation of monoterpenes: highly selective syntheses of allylic ethers from limonene. J. Mol. Catal. A Chem. 252(1–2), 5–11 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Mirata, M.A., Heerd, D., Schrader, J.: Integrated bioprocess for the oxidation of limonene to perillic acid with Pseudomonas putida DSM 12264. Process Biochem. 44(7), 764–771 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Martín, L.M.A., Yates, M., Martínez Domingo, M.J., Casal, B., Iglesias, M., Esteban, M., Ruiz-Hitzky, E.: Synthesis of p-cymene from limonene, a renewable feedstock. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 81(3–4), 218–224 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Martin, L.M.A., Yates, M., Rojo, E.S., Huerta Arribas, D., Aguilar, D., Ruiz Hitzky, E.: Sustainable p-cymene and hydrogen from limonene. Appl. Catal. A Gen. 387(1–2), 141–146 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. NIST: Base de Datos de Referencia Estándar del NIST Número 69. http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/ (2013). Accessed Nov 2012

  20. Aguiar, L., Márquez, M.F., Gonzalo, A., Sánchez, J.L., Arauzo, J.: Influence of temperature and particle size on the fixed bed pyrolysis of orange peel residues. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 83(1), 124–130 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Pandharipande, S., Makode, H.: Separation of oil and pectin from orange peel and study of effect of pH of extracting medium on the yield of pectin. J. Eng. Res. Stud. 3(2), 6–9 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Maldonado, C.Y., Salazar, O.S.M., Millones, C.C.E., Torres, M.E.V., Vásquez, C.E.R.: Extractión of pectin by acid hydrolysis method in fruit maushan (Vasconcellea weberbaueri (Harms) V.M. Badillo) from the district of San Miguel de Soloco, Amazon region. Aporte Santiaguino 3(2), 177–184 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  23. NME: LyD considera arriesgado plantear desarrollo energético basado únicamente en shale gas. http://www.nuevamineria.com/revista/2013/05/27/lyd-considera-arriesgado-plantear-desarrollo-energetico-basado-unicamente-en-shale-gas/ (2013). Accessed 05 Aug 2013

  24. ICIS: indicative chemical prices A–Z. http://www.icis.com/chemicals/channel-info-chemicals-a-z/ (2013). Accessed 25 July 2013

  25. Alibaba: price of ethyl alcohol. http://www.alibaba.com/showroom/price-ethyl-alcohol.html (2013). Accessed 02 Sep 2012

  26. Gregorini, V.A., Pasquevich, D., Laborde, M.: Price determination for hydrogen produced from bio-ethanol in Argentina. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 35(11), 5844–5848 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Zhang, Q-g, Bi, L-w, Zhao, Z-d, Chen, Y-p, Li, D-m, Gu, Y., Wang, J., Chen, Y-x, Bo, C-y, Liu, X-z: Application of ultrasonic spraying in preparation of p-cymene by industrial dipentene dehydrogenation. Chem. Eng. J. 159(1), 190–194 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Naghshineh, M., Olsen, K., Georgiou, C.A.: Sustainable production of pectin from lime peel by high hydrostatic pressure treatment. Food Chem. 136(2), 472–478 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Prakash, M.J., Sivakumar, V., Thirugnanasambandham, K., Sridhar, R.: Optimization of microwave assisted extraction of pectin from orange peel. Carbohyd. Polym. 97(2), 703–709 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Ma, E., Cervera, Q., Mejía, S.G.M.: Integrated utilization of orange peel. Bioresour. Technol. 44(1), 61–63 (1993)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Dasappa, S.: Potential of biomass energy for electricity generation in sub-Saharan Africa. Energy Sustain. Dev. 15(3), 203–213 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Labs, A.P.: Catalog personal scale power. http://gekgasifier.com/stage/wp-content/uploads/pdf/Catalog_053112_no_orderform.pdf (2013). Accessed 25 Aug 2013

  33. Posada, J.A., Rincón, L.E., Cardona, C.A.: Design and analysis of biorefineries based on raw glycerol: addressing the glycerol problem. Bioresour. Technol. 111, 282–293 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Instituto de Biotecnología y Agroindustria, Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Manizales, Km. 7 Via al Magdalena Campus la Nubia, Manizales, Colombia

    Javier A. Dávila & Carlos A. Cardona

  2. Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA

    Moshe Rosenberg

Authors
  1. Javier A. Dávila
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Moshe Rosenberg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Carlos A. Cardona
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Carlos A. Cardona.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Dávila, J.A., Rosenberg, M. & Cardona, C.A. Techno-economic and Environmental Assessment of p-Cymene and Pectin Production from Orange Peel. Waste Biomass Valor 6, 253–261 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-014-9339-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-014-9339-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation