Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Influence of Physical Exercise on Neuroimmunological Functioning and Health: Aging and Stress

  • Published:
Neurotoxicity Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Chronic and acute stress, with associated pathophysiology, are implicated in a variety of disease states, with neuroimmunological dysregulation and inflammation as major hazards to health and functional sufficiency. Psychosocial stress and negative affect are linked to elevations in several inflammatory biomarkers. Immunosenescence, the deterioration of immune competence observed in the aged aspect of the life span, linked to a dramatic rise in morbidity and susceptibility to diseases with fatal outcomes, alters neuroimmunological function and is particularly marked in the neurodegenerative disorders, e.g., Parkinson’s disease and diabetes. Physical exercise diminishes inflammation and elevates agents and factors involved in immunomodulatory function. Both the alleviatory effects of life-long physical activity upon multiple cancer forms and the palliative effects of physical activity for individuals afflicted by cancer offer advantages in health intervention. Chronic conditions of stress and affective dysregulation are associated with neuroimmunological insufficiency and inflammation, contributing to health risk and mortality. Physical exercise regimes have induced manifest anti-inflammatory benefits, mediated possibly by brain-derived neurotrophic factor. The epidemic proportions of metabolic disorders, obesity, and diabetes demand attention; several variants of exercise regimes have been found repeatedly to induce both prevention and improvement under both laboratory and clinical conditions. Physical exercise offers a unique non-pharmacologic intervention incorporating multiple activity regimes, e.g., endurance versus resistance exercise that may be adapted to conform to the particular demands of diagnosis, intervention and prognosis inherent to the staging of autoimmune disorders and related conditions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Akbar AN, Fletcher JM (2005) Memory T cell homeostasis and senescence during aging. Curr Opin Immunol 17:480–485

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akbar AN, Vukmanovic-Stejic M (2007) Telomerase in T lymphocytes: use it and lose it? J Immunol 178:6689–6694

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akbar AN, Beverly PC, Salmon M (2004) Will telomere erosion lead to a loss of T-cell memory? Nat Rev Immunol 4:737–743

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akerström T, Steensberg A, Keller P, Keller C, Penkowa M, Pedersen BK (2005) Exercise induces interleukin-8 expression in human skeletal muscle. J Physiol 563:507–516

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Albert MA, Glynn RJ, Ridker PM (2004) Effect of physical activity on serum C-reactive protein. Am J Cardiol 93:221–225

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amati M, Tomasetti M, Ciuccarelli M, Mariotti L, Tarquini LM, Bracci M, Baldassari M, Balducci C, Alleva R, Borghi B, Mocchegiani E, Copertaro, Santarelli L (2010) Relationship of job satisfaction, psychological distress and stress-related biological parameters among healthy nurses: a longitudinal study. J Occup Health 52:31–38

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • American Cancer Society (2009) Cancer facts and figures. American Cancer Society, Atlanta

    Google Scholar 

  • American Diabetes Association (2008) http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/diabetes-statistics/

  • Ancey C, Corbi P, Froger J, Delwail A, Wijdenes J, Gascan H, Potreau D, Lecron JC (2002) Secretion of IL-6, IL-11 and LIF by human cardiomyocytes in primary culture. Cytokine 18:199–205

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Angelucci F, Brene S, Mathe AA (2005) BDNF in schizophrenia, depression and corresponding animal models. Mol Psychiatr 10:345–352

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Annesi JJ (2010) Relations of changes in self-regulatory efficacy and physical self-concept with improvements in body satisfaction in obese women initiating exercise with cognitive-behavioral support. Body Image 7(4):356–359

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Archer T (2010) Physical exercise alleviates debilities of normal aging and Alzheimer’s disease. Acta Neurol Scand. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.2010.01412.x

  • Archer T, Fredriksson A, Johansson B (2010) Exercise alleviates Parkinsonism: clinical and laboratory evidence. Acta Neurol Scand. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.2010.01360.x

  • Arciero PJ, Ormsbee MJ (2009) Relationship of blood pressure, behavioral mood state, and physical activity following caffeine ingestion in younger and older women. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 34:754–762

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Artal M, Sherman C (1998) Exercise against depression. Phys Sports Med 26:55–60

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bacher M, Deuster O, Aljabari B, Egensperger R, Neff F, Jessen F, Popp J, Noelker C, Reese JP, Al-Abed Y, Dodel R (2010) The role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in Alzheimer’s disease. Mol Med 16:116–121

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bailey MT, Kierstein S, Sharma S, Spaits M, Kinsey SG, Tliba O, Amrani Y, Sheridan JF, Panettieri RA, Haczku A (2009) Social stress enhances allergen-induced airway inflammation in mice and inhibits corticosteroid responsiveness of cytokine production. J Immunol 182:7888–7896

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baldwin RC (2010) Preventing late-life depression: a clinical update. Int Psychogeriatr 1:1–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauer ME, Jeckel CM, Luz C (2009) The role of stress factors during aging of the immune system. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1153:139–152

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baumann H, Gauldie J (1994) The acute phase response. Immunol Today 15:74–80

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beavers KM, Brinkley TE, Nicklas BJ (2010) Effect of exercise training on chronic inflammation. Clin Chim Acta 411:785–793

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bellinger DL, Lubahn C, Lorton D (2008) Maternal and early life stress effects on immune function: relevance to immunotoxicology. J Immunotoxicol 5:419–444

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Björntorp P (1992) Abdominal fat distribution and the metabolic syndrome. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 20(Suppl 8):S26–S28

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Björntorp P (1999) Overweight is risking fate. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 13:47–69

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Björntorp P (2001) Do stress reactions cause abdominal obesity and comorbidities? Obes Rev 2:73–86

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Björntorp P (2002) Alterations in the ageing corticotropic stress-response axis. Novartis Found Symp 242:46–58

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Black PH (2006) The inflammatory consequences of psychologic stress: relationship to insulin resistance, obesity, atherosclerosis and diabetes mellitus, type II. Med Hypotheses 67:879–891

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blair SN, Horton E, Leon AS, Lee IM, Drinkwater BL, Dishman RK, Mackey M, Kienholz ML (1996) Physical activity, nutrition, and chronic disease. Med Sci Sports Exerc 28:335–349

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blomqvist L, Stark B, Engler N, Malm M (2004) Evaluation of arm and shoulder mobility and strength after modified radical mastectomy and radiotherapy. Acta Oncol 43:280–283

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blumenthal JA, Babyak MA, Doraiswamy PM, Watkins L, Hoffman BM, Barbour KA, Herman S, Craighead WE, Brosse AL, Waugh R, Hinderliter A, Sherwood A (2007) Exercise and pharmacotherapy in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Psychosom Med 69:587–596

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borroni B, Grassi M, Archetti S, Costanzi C, Bianchi M, Caimi L, Caltagirone C, Di Luca M, Padovani A (2009) BDNF genetic variations increase the risk of Alzheimer’s disease-related depression. J Alzheimers Dis 18:867–875

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bosch JA, Fischer JE, Fischer JC (2009) Psychologically adverse work conditions are associated with CD8+ T cell differentiation indicative of immunesenescence. Brain Behav Immun 23:527–534

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Box RC et al (2002) Shoulder movement after breast cancer surgery: results of a randomized controlled study of postoperative physiotherapy. Breast Cancer Res Treat 75:35–50

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Braith RW, Stewart KJ (2006) Resistance exercise training: its role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Circulation 113:2642–2650

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brandt C, Pedersen BK (2010) The role of exercise-induced myokines in muscle homeostasis and the defense against chronic diseases. J Biomed Biotechnol. doi:10.1155/2010/520258

  • Brewer GJ (2010) Epigenetic oxidative redox shift (EORS) theory of aging unifies the free radical and insulin signaling theories. Exp Gerontol 45:173–179

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Broholm C, Mortensen OH, Nielsen S, Akerström T, Zankari A, Dahl B, Pedersen BK (2008) Exercise induces expression of leukaemia inhibitory factor in human skeletal muscle. J Physiol 586:2195–2201

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brydon L, Steptoe A (2005) Stress-induced increases in interleukin-6 and fibrogen predict ambulatory blood pressure at 3 year follow-up. J Hypertens 23:1001–1007

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brydon L, Edwards S, Mohammed-Ali V, Steptoe A (2004) Socioeconomic status and stress-induced increases in interleukin-6. Brain Behav Immun 18:281–290

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buske-Kirschbaum A (2009) Cortisol responses to stress in allergic children: interaction with the immune response. Neuroimmunomodulation 16:325–332

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Calabrese V, Cornelius C, Mancuso C, Lentile R, Stella AM, Butterfield DA (2010) Redox homeostasis and cellular stress response in aging and neurodegeneration. Methods Mol Biol 610:285–308

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell IL, Kay TWH, Oxbrow L, Harrison LC (1991) Essential role for interferon-γ and interleukin-6 in autoimmune insulin-dependent diabetes in NOD/Wehi mice. J Clin Invest 87:739–742

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell KL, McTiernan A, Li SS, Sorensen BE, Yasui Y, Lampe JW, King IB, Ulrich CM, Rudolph RE, Irwin ML, Surawicz C, Ayub K, Potter JD, Lampe PD (2007) Effect of a 12-month exercise intervention on the apoptotic regulating proteins Bax and Bcl-2 in colon crypts: a randomized controlled trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 16:1767–1774

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell JP, Riddell NE, Burns VE, Turner M, Veldhuijzen van Zanten JJCS, Drayson MT, Bosch JA (2009) Acute exercise mobilises CD8+ T lymphocytes exhibiting an effector-memory phenotype. Brain Behav Immun 23:767–775

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Canadian Diabetes Association (2008) http://www.diabetes.ca/about-diabetes/what/prevalence/

  • Candore G, Bulati M, Caruso C, Castiglia L, Colonna-Romano G, Di Bona D, Duro G, Lio D, Matranga D, Pellicanò M, Rizzo C, Scapagnini G, Vasto S (2010) Inflammation, cytokines, immune response, apolipoprotein E, cholesterol, and oxidative stress in Alzheimer disease: therapeutic implications. Rejuvenation Res 13:301–313

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carboni L, Becchi S, Piubelli C, Mallei A, Giambelli R, Razzoli M, Mathé AA, Popoli M, Domenici E (2010) Early-life stress and antidepressants modulate peripheral biomarkers in a gene-environment rat model of depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 34:1037–1048

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chap L, Shpiner R, Levine M, Norton L, Lill M, Glaspy J (1997) Pulmonary toxicity of high-dose chemotherapy for breast cancer: a non-invasive approach to diagnosis and treatment. Bone Marrow Transplant 20:1063–1067

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chatzinikolaou A, Fatouros IG, Gourgoulis V, Avloniti A, Jamurtas AZ, Nikolaidis MG, Douroudos I, Michailidis Y, Beneka A, Malliou P, Tofas T, Georgiadis I, Mandalidis D, Taxildaris K (2010) Time course of changes in performance and inflammatory responses after acute plyometric exercise. J Strength Cond Res 24:1389–1398

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cheema BS, Gaul CA (2006) Full-body exercise training improves fitness and quality of life in survivors of breast cancer. J Strength Cond Res 20:14–21

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen E, Miller GE (2007) Stress and inflammation in exacerbations of asthma. Brain Behav Immun 21:993–999

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chung HY, Cesari M, Anton S, Marzetti E, Giovannini S, Seo AY, Carter C, Yu BP, Leeuwenburgh C (2009) Molecular inflammation: underpinnings of aging and age-related diseases. Ageing Res Rev 8:18–30

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ciaramella A, Bizzoni F, Salani F, Vanni D, Spalletta G, Sanarico N, Vendetti S, Caltagirone C, Bossù P (2010) Increased pro-inflammatory response by dendritic cells from patients with Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis 19:559–572

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cirulli F, Alleva E (2009) The NGF saga: from animal models of psychosocial stress to stress-related psychopathology. Front Neuroendocrinol 30:379–395

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen S, Herbert TB (1996) Health psychology: psychological factors and physical disease from the perspective of human psychoneuroimmunology. Ann Rev Psychol 47:113–142

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Conradsson M, Littbrand H, Lindelof N, Gustafson Y, Rosendahl E (2010) Effects of a high-intensity functional exercise programme on depressive symptoms and psychological well-being among older people living in residential care facilities: A cluster-randomized controlled trial. Aging Ment Health 14:565–576

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cordova A, Sureda A, Tur JA, Pons A (2010) Immune response to exercise in elite sportsmen during the competitive season. J Physiol Biochem 66:1–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Courneya KS, Friedenreich CM (2001) Framework PEACE: an organizational model for examining physical exercise across the cancer experience. Ann Behav Med 23:263–272

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Danese A, Moffitt TE, Harrington H, Milne BJ, Polanczyk G, Pariante CM, Poulton R, Caspi A (2009) Adverse childhood experiences and adult risk factors for age-related disease: depression, inflammation, and clustering of metabolic risk markers. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 163:1135–1143

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dantzer R, O’Connor JC, Freund GG, Johnson RW, Kelley KW (2008) From inflammation to sickness and depression: when the immune system subjugates the brain. Nat Rev Neurosci 9:46–56

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deak T (2008) Immune cells and cytokine circuits: toward a working model for understanding direct immune-to-adrenal communication pathways. Endocrinology 149:1433–1435

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deak T, Bellamy C, D’ Agostino LG, Rosanoff M, McElderry NK, Bordner KA (2005a) Behavioral responses during the forced swim test are not affected by anti-inflammatory agents or acute illness induced by lipopolysaccharide. Behav Brain Res 160:125–134

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deak T, Bordner KA, McElderry NK, Barnum CJ, Blandino P Jr, Deak MM, Tammariello SP (2005b) Stress-induced increases in hypothalamic IL-1: a systematic analysis of multiple stressor paradigms. Brain Res Bull 64:541–556

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Denson TF, Spanovic M, Miller N (2009) Cognitive appraisals and emotions predict cortisol and immune responses: a meta-analysis of acute laboratory social stressors and emotion inductions. Psychol Bull 135:823–853

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dickerson SS, Kemeny ME, Aziz N, Kim KH, Fahey JL (2004) Immunological effects of induced shame and guilt. Psychol Med 66:124–131

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dickerson SS, Gable SL, Irwin MR, Aziz N, Kemeny ME (2009) Social-evaluative threat and proinflammatory cytokine regulation: an experimental laboratory investigation. Psychol Sci 20:1237–1244

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Doyle JJ, Neugut AI, Jacobson JS, Grann VR, Hershman DL (2005) Chemotherapy and cardiotoxicity in older breast cancer patients: a population-based study. J Clin Oncol 23:8597–8605

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duijts SFA, Faber MM, Oldenburg HAS, van Beurden M, Aaronson NK (2010) Effectiveness of behavioral techniques and exercise on psychosocial functioning and health-related quality of life in breast cancer patients and survivors—a meta-analysis. Psycho-Oncology. doi:10.1002/pon.1728

  • Dural EP, Jovanovic-Peterson L, Peterson CM (1990) Randomized crossover study of resistance training on glycemic control, muscular strength, and cholesterol in type I diabetic men. Diabetes Care 13:1039–1043

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ekkekakis P, Petruzzella SJ (1999) Acute aerobic exercise and affect: current status, problems and prospects regarding dose-response. Sports Med 28:337–374

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eyigor S, Karapolat H, Yesil H, Uslu R, Durmaz B (2010) Effects of pilates exercises on functional capacity, flexibility, fatigue, depression and quality of life in female breast cancer patients: a randomized controlled study. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. PMID 20445489

  • Fehrenbach E, Schneider ME (2006) Trauma-induced systemic inflammatory response versus exercise-induced immunomodulatory effects. Sports Med 36:373–384

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Felder-Puig R, di Gallo A, Waldenmair M, Norden P, Winter A, Gadner H et al (2006) Health-related of life of pediatric patients receiving allogenic stem cell or bone marrow transplantation: results of a longitudinal, multi-center study. Bone Marrow Transplant 38:119–126

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ford ES, Giles WH, Myers GL, Mannino DM (2003) Population distribution of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein among US men: findings from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2000. Clin Chem 49:686–690

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ford ES, Giles WH, Mokdad AH, Myers GL (2004) Distribution and correlates of C-reactive protein concentrations among adult US women. Clin Chem 50:574–581

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fosgerau K, Galle P, Hansen T, Albrechtsen A, Rieper Cde L, Pedersen BK, Larsen LK, Thomsen AR, Pedersen O, Hansen MB, Steensberg A (2010) Interleukin-6 autoantibodies are involved in the pathogenesis of a subset of type 2 diabetes. J Endocrinol 204:265–273

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frank I, Briggs R, Spengler CM (2010) Respiratory muscles, exercise performance and health in overweight and obese subjects. Med Sci Sports Exerc. PMID 20798653

  • Frieri M (2003) Neuroimmunology and inflammation: implications for therapy of allergic and autoimmune diseases. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 90:34–40

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frydelund-Larsen L, Penkowa M, Akerström T, Zankari A, Nielsen S, Pedersen BK (2007) Exercise induces interleukin-8 receptor (CWCR2) expression in human skeletal muscle. Exp Physiol 92:233–240

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fulop T, Kotb R, Fortin CF, Pawelec G, de Angelis F, Larbi A (2010) Potential role of immunosenescence in cancer development. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1197:158–165

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gabay C, Kushner I (1999) Acute phase proteins and other systemic responses to inflammation. N Engl J Med 340:448–454

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galvao DA, Newton RU (2005) Review of exercise intervention studies in cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 23:899–909

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geffken DF, Cushman M, Burke GL, Polak JF, Sakkinen PA, Tracy RP (2001) Association between physical activity and markers of inflammation in a healthy elderly population. Am J Epidemiol 153:242–250

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gheorghe CP, Goyal R, Mittal A, Longo LD (2010) Gene expression in the placenta: maternal stress and epigenetic responses. Int J Dev Biol 54:507–523

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ghosh S, Khazaei M, Moien-Afshari F, Ang LS, Granville DJ, Verchere CB, Dunn SR, McCue P, Mizisin A, Sharma K, Laher I (2009) Moderate attenuates caspase-3 activity, oxidative stress, and inhibits progression of diabetic renal disease in db/db mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 296:F700–F704

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ghosh S, Golbidi S, Werner I, Verchere BC, Laher I (2010) Selecting exercise regimens and strains to modify obesity and diabetes in rodents: an overview. Clin Sci 119:57–74

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giovagnoli AR, Martins da Silva A, Federico A, Cornelio F (2009) On the personal facets of quality of life in chronic neurological disorders. Behav Neurol 21:155–163

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gleeson M (2007) Immune function in sport and exercise. J Appl Physiol 103:693–699

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gomez-Cabrera MC, Domenech E, Vina J (2008) Moderate exercise as an antioxidant: upregulation of antioxidant genes by training. Free Radical Biol Med 44:126–131

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gomez-Cabrera MC, Viña J, Ji LL (2009) Interplay of oxidants and antioxidants during exercise: implications for muscle health. Phys Sports Med 37:116–123

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greeson JM, Lewis JG, Achanzar K, Zimmerman E, Young KH, Suarez EC (2009) Stress-induced changes in the expression of monocytic β2-integrins: the impact of arousal of negative affect and adrenergic responses to the Anger Recall Interview. Brain Behav Immun 23:251–256

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gregg EW, Beckles GL, Williamson DF, Leveille SG, Langlois JA, Engelgau MM, Vinicor F (2000) Diabetes and physical disability among older US adults. Diabetes Care 23:1272–1277

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ha AW, Kim JH, Shin DJ, Choi DW, Park SJ, Kang NE, Kim YS (2010) Eating habits, obesity related behaviors, and effects of Danhak exercise in elderly Koreans. Nutr Res Pract 4:295–302

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hallberg L, Janelidze S, Engström G, Wisen AGM, Westrin Å, Brundin L (2010) Exercise-induced release of cytokines in patients with major depressive disorder. J Affect Dis 126:262–267

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamer M, Karageorghis C (2007) Psychobiological mechanisms of exercise dependence. Sports Med 37:477–484

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamer M, Steptoe A (2007) Association between physical fitness, parasympathetic control, and proinflammatory responses to mental stress. Psychosom Med 69:660–666

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamer M, Molloy GJ, de Olivera C, Demakakos P (2009a) Leisure time physical activity, risk of depressive symptoms, and inflammatory mediators: the English longitudinal study of ageing. Psychoneuroendocrinology 34:1050–1055

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamer M, Stamatakis E, Saxton JM (2009b) The impact of physical activity on all-cause mortality in men and women after cancer diagnosis. Cancer Causes Control 20:225–231

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Handschin C, Spiegelman BM (2008) The role of exercise and PGC1alpha in inflammation and chronic disease. Nature 454:463–469

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hankonen N, Absetz P, Ghisletta P, Renner B, Uutela A (2010) Gender differences in social cognitive determinants of exercise adoption. Psychol Health 25:55–69

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hartmann A, Murer K, de Bie RA, Eling Dde B (2010) The effect of a training program combined with augmented afferent feedback from the feet using shoe insoles on gait performance and muscle power in older adults: a randomised controlled trial. Disabil Rehabil 32:755–764

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heinrich PC, Castell JV, Andus T (1990) Interleukin-6 and the acute phase response. Biochem J 265:621–636

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hestad KA, Tonseth S, Stoen CD, Ueland T, Aukrust P (2003) Raised plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha in patients with depression: normalization during electroconvulsive therapy. J ECT 19:183–188

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hewitt JA, Mokbel K, van Someren KA, Jewell AP, Garrod R (2005) Exercise for breast cancer survival: the effect on cancer risk and cancer-related fatigue (CRF). Int J Fertil Womens Med 50:231–239

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hickson RC (1980) Interference of strength development by simultaneously training for strength and endurance. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 45:255–263

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holick CN, Newcomb PA, Trentham-Dietz A, Titus-Ernstoff L, Bersch AJ, Stampfer MJ, Baron JA, Egan KM, Willett WC (2008) Physical activity and survival after diagnosis of invasive breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 17:379–386

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Ascherio A, Rexrode KM, Willett WC, Manson JE (2000) Physical activity and risk of stroke in women. JAMA 283:2961–2967

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hu FB, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Colditz G, Liu S, Solomon CG, Willett WC (2001) Diet, lifestyle, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women. N Engl J Med 345:790–797

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huffman JC, Celano CM, Januzzi JL (2010) The relationship between depression, anxiety, and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 6:123–136

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huisamen B, Lochner A (2005) Exercise modulates myocardial protein kinase B/akt in Zucker obese rats. Heart 91:227–228

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hurria A, Hurria A, Zuckerman E, Panageas KS, Fornier M, D’ Andrea G, Dang C, Moasser M, Robson M, Seidman A, Currie V, VanPoznak C, Theodoulou M, Lachs MS, Hudis C (2006) A prospective, longitudinal study of the functional status and quality of life of older patients with breast cancer receiving adjuvant chemotherapy. J Am Geriatr Soc 54:1119–1124

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hutnick NA, Williams NI, Kraemer WJ, Orsega-Smith E, Dixon RH, Bleznak AD, Mastro AM (2005) Exercise and lymphocyte activation following chemotherapy for breast cancer. Med Sci Sports Exerc 37:1827–1835

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ibfeldt T, Petersen EW, Bruunsgaard H, Sandmand M, Pedersen BK (2002) Exercise-induced change in type 1 cytokine-producing CD8+ cells is related to a decrease in memory T cells. J Appl Physiol 93:645–648

    Google Scholar 

  • Ishii T, Yamakita T, Sato T, Tanaka S, Fujii S (1998) Resistance training improves insulin sensitivity in NIDDM subjects without altering maximum oxygen uptake. Diabetes Care 21:1353–1355

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ivy JL, Zderic TW, Fogt DL (1999) Prevention and treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Exer Sport Sci Rev 27:1–35

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Izumiya Y, Bina HA, Ouchi N, Akasaki Y, Kharitonenkov A, Walsh K (2008) FGF21 is an akt-regulated myokine. FEBS Lett 582:3805–3810

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jernelöv S, Olgart-Höglund C, Axelsson J, Axen J, Grunneberg R, Grunewald J, Stierna P, Lekander M (2009) Effects of examination stress on psychological responses, sleep and allergic symptoms in atopic and non-atopic students. Int J Behav Med 16:305–310

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Juster RP, McEwen BS, Lupien SJ (2009) Allostatic load biomarkers of chronic stress and impact on health and cognition. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 35:2–16

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kannangara TS, Lucero MJ, Gil-Mohapel J, Drapala RJ, Simpson JM, Christie BR, van Praag H (2010) Running reduces stress and enhances cell genesis in aged mice. Neurobiol Aging. PMID 20106549

  • Kasapis C, Thompson PD (2005) The effects of physical activity on serum C-reactive protein and inflammatory markers: a systematic review. J Am Coll Cardiol 45:1563–1569

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katsel P, Tan W, Haroutunian V (2009) Gain in brain immunity in the oldest-old differentiates cognitively normal from demented individuals. PLoS One 4:e7642

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keays KS, Harris SR, Lucyshyn JM, MacIntyre DL (2008) Effects of Pilates exercises on shoulder range of motion, pain, mood, and upper extremity function in women with breast cancer: a pilot study. Phys Ther 88:494–510

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kemeny ME (2009) Psychobiological responses to social threat: evolution of a psychological method in psychoneuroimmunology. Brain Behav Immun 23:1–9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khansari N, Shakiba Y, Mahmoudi M (2009) Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress as a major cause of age-related diseases and cancer. Recent Pat Inflamm Allergy Drug Discov 3:73–80

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kiecolt-Glaser JK (2010) Stress, food and inflammation: psychoneuroimmunology and nutrition at the cutting edge. Psychosom Med 72:365–369

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knols R, Aaronson NK, Uebelhart D, Fransen J, Aufdemkampe G (2005) Physical exercise in cancer patients during and after medical treatment: a systematic review of randomized and controlled clinical trials. J Clin Oncol 23:3830–3842

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knowles WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, Lachin JM, Walker EA, Nathan DM, Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group (2002) Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 346:393–403

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knuesel I (2010) Reelin-mediated signaling in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. Prog Neurobiol 91:257–274

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kop WJ, Weissman NJ, Zhu J, Bonsall RW, Doyle M, Stretch MR, Glaes SB, Krantz DS, Gottdiener JS, Tracy RP (2008) Effects of acute mental stress and exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with coronary heart disease and healthy controls. Am J Cardiol 101:767–773

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Korkiakangas EE, Alahuhta MA, Husman PM, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi S, Taanila AM, Laitinen JH (2010) Motivators and barriers to exercise among adults with a high risk of type 2 diabetes—a qualitative study. Scand J Caring Sci. PMID 20384973

  • Koziris LP, Hickson RC, Chatterton RT Jr, Groseth RT, Christie JM, Goldflies DG, Unterman TG (1999) Serum levels of total and free IGF-I and IGFBP-3 are increased and maintained in long-term training. J Appl Physiol 86:1436–1442

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kruger K, Mooren FC (2007) T cell homing and exercise. Exerc Immunol Rev 13:37–54

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kruger K, Lechtermann A, Fobker M, Volker K, Mooren FC (2008) Exercise-induced redistribution of T lymphocytes is regulated by adrenergic mechanisms. Brain Behav Immun 22:324–338

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kurth T, Moore SC, Gaziano JM, Kase CS, Stampfer MJ, Berger K, Buring JE (2006) Healthy lifestyle and the risk of stroke in women. Arch Intern Med 166:1403–1409

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larbi A, Franceschi C, Mazzatti D, Solana R, Wikby A, Pawelec G (2008) Aging of the immune system as a prognostic factor for human longevity. Physiology 23:64–74

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larose J, Sigal RJ, Boulé NG, Wells GA, Prud’homme D, Fortier MS, Reid RD, Tulloch H, Coyle D, Phillips P, Jennings A, Khandwala F, Kenny GP (2010) Effect of exercise training on physical fitness in type II diabetes mellitus. Med Sci Sports Exerc 42:1439–1447

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leidenius M, Leivonen M, Vironen J, von Smitten K (2005) The consequences of long-term arm morbidity in node-negative breast cancer patients with sentinel node biopsy or axillary clearance. J Surg Oncol 92:23–31

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • LeMay LG, Vander AJ, Kluger MJ (1990) The effects of psychological stress on plasma interleukin-6 activity in rats. Physiol Behav 47:957–961

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leung PS, Aronson WJ, Ngo TH, Golding LA, Barnard RJ (2004) Exercise alters the IGF axis in vivo and increases p53 protein in the prostate tumor cells in vitro. J Appl Physiol 96:450–454

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindqvist D, Janelidze S, Hagell P, Erhardt S, Samuelsson M, Minthon L, Hansson O, Bjorkqvist M, Traskman.Bendz L, Brundin L (2009) Interleukin-6 is elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid of suicide attempters and related to symptom severity. Biol Psychiatr 66:287–292

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindström J, Ilanne-Parikka P, Peltonen M, Aunola S, Eriksson JG, Hemiö K, Hämäläinen H, Härkönen P, Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi S, Laakso M, Louheranta A, Mannelin M, Paturi M, Sundvall J, Valle TT, Uusitupa M, Tuomilehto J, Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study Group (2006) Sustained reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes by lifestyle intervention: follow-up of the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. Lancet 368:1673–1679

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lindström J, Absetz P, Hemiö K, Peltomäki P, Peltonen M (2010) Reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes with nutrition and physical activity—efficacy and implementation of lifestyle interventions in Finland. Public Health Nutr 13:993–999

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lucia A, Earnest C, Perez M (2003) Cancer-related fatigue: can exercise physiology assist oncologists? Lancet Oncol 4:616–625

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maddocks M, Armstrong S, Wilcock A (2010) Exercise as a supportive therapy in curable cancer: exploring patient preferences. Psycho-Oncology. doi:10.1002/pon.1720

  • Mainous AG 3rd, Everett CJ, Diaz VA, Baker R, Mangino M, Codd V, Samani NJ (2010) Leukocyte telomere length and marital status among middle-aged adults. Age Ageing. PMID 20817935

  • Maniam J, Morris MJ (2010) Voluntary exercise and palatable high-fat diet both improve behavioural profile and stress responses in male rats exposed to early life stress: role of hippocampus. Psychoneuroendocrinology. PMID 20594764

  • Marques-Deak AH, Neto FL, Dominguez WV, Solis AC, Kurcgant D, Sato F, Ross JM, Prado EB (2007) Cytokine profiles in women with different subtypes of major depressive disorder. J Psychiatr Res 41:152–159

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall JC (1998) The gut as a potential trigger of exercise-induced inflammatory responses. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 76:479–484

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martinowich K, Manji H, Lu B (2007) New insights into BDNF function in depression and anxiety. Nat Neurosci 10:1089–1093

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McArdle WD, Katch FI, Katch VI (2000) Appendix C. In: Lupash E (ed) Essentials of exercise physiology. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, p 723

    Google Scholar 

  • McNeely ML, Campbell KL, Rowe BH, Klassen TP, Mackey JR, Courneya KS (2006) Effects of exercise on breast cancer patients and survivors: a systematic and meta-analysis. CMAJ 175:34–41

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mead GE, Morley W, Campbell P, Greig CA, McMurdo M, Lawlor DA (2009) Exercise for depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD004366

  • Meijer EP, Goris AH, van Dongen JL, Bast A, Westerterp KR (2002) Exercise-induced oxidative stress in older adults as a function of habitual activity level. J Am Geriatr Soc 50:349–353

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Metsios GS, Stavropoulos-Kalinoglou A, Sandoo A, Veldhuijzen van Zanten JJCS, Toms TE, John H, Kitas GD (2010) Vascular function and inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis: the role of physical activity. Open Cardiovasc Med J 4:89–96

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller GE, Rohleder N, Cole SW (2009) Chronic interpersonal stress predicts activation of pro- and anti-inflammatory signaling pathways 6 months later. Psychosom Med 71:57–62

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moien-Afshari F, Ghosh S, Khazaei M, Kieffer TJ, Brownsey RW, Laher I (2008a) Exercise restores endothelial function independently of weight loss or hyperglycaemic status in db/db mice. Diabetologia 51:1327–1337

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moien-Afshari F, Ghosh S, Elmi S, Khazaei M, Kieffer TJ, Rahman MM, Sallam N, Laher I (2008b) Exercise restores coronary vascular function independent of myogenic tone or hyperglycaemic status in db/db mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295:H470–H480

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morris M, Schoo A (2004) Optimizing exercise and physical activity in older adults. Butterworth Heinemann, Edinburgh

    Google Scholar 

  • Morton RD, West DJ, Stephens JW, Bain SC, Bracken RM (2010) Heart rate prescribed walking training improves cardiorespiratory fitness but not glycaemic control in people with type 2 diabetes. J Sports Sci 28:93–99

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mougios V (2006) Exercise metabolism. In: Bahrke MS (ed) Exercise biochemistry. Human Kinetics, Champaign, IL, p 122

    Google Scholar 

  • Negoro S, Oh H, Tone E, Kunisada K, Fujio Y, Walsh K, Kishimoto T, Yamauchi-Takihara K (2001) Glycoprotein 130 regulates cardiac myocyte survival in doxorubicin-induced apoptosis through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt phosphorylation and Bcl-xL/caspase-3 interaction. Circulation 103:555–561

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Netz Y, Dwolatzky T, Zinker Y, Argov E, Agmon R (2010) Aerobic fitness and multidomain cognitive function in advanced age. Int Psychogeriatr 22:1–11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen AR, Pedersen BK (2007) The biological roles of exercise-induced cytokines: IL-6, IL-8, and IL-15. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 32:833–839

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen AR, Mounier R, Plomgaard P, Mortensen OH, Penkowa M, Speerschneider T, Pilegaard H, Pedersen BK (2007) Expression of interleukin-15 in human skeletal muscle: effect of exercise and muscle fibre type composition. J Physiol 584:305–312

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nieman DC (2003) Current perspectives on exercise immunology. Curr Sports Med Rep 2:239–242

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nieman DC, Pedersen BK (1999) Exercise and immune function. Recent developments. Sports Med 27:73–80

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nikolich-Zugich J (2008) Ageing and life-long maintenance of T-cell subsets in the face of latent persistent infections. Nat Rev Immunol 8:512–522

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nocon M, Hieman T, Muller-Riemenschneider F, Thalau F, Roll S, Willich SN (2008) Association of physical activity with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehab 15:239–246

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Donovan G, Blazevich AJ, Boreham C, Cooper AR, Crank H, Ekeland U, Fox KR, Gately P, Giles-Corti B, Gill JM, McDermott I, Murphy M, Reilly JJ, Saxton JM, Stamatakis E (2010) The ABC of Physical Activity for Health: a consensus statement from the British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences. J Sports Sci 28:573–591

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oechsle K, Jensen W, Schmidt T, Reer R, Braumann K-M, de Wit M, Bokemeyer C (2010) Physical activity, quality of life, and the interest in physical exercise programs in patients undergoing palliative chemotherapy. Support Care Cancer. doi:10.1007/s00520-010-0862-5

  • Olgart-Höglund C, Axen J, Kemi C, Jernelöv S, Grunewald J, Muller-Suur C et al (2006) Changes in immune regulation in response to examination stress in atopic and healthy individuals. Clin Exp Allergy 36:982–992

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oliveira BF, Nogueira-Machado JA, Chaves MM (2010) The role of oxidative stress in the aging process. ScientificWorldJournal 10:1121–1128

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ormsbee MJ, Choi MD, Medlin JK, Geyer GH, Trantham LH, Dubis GS, Hickner RC (2009) Regulation of fat metabolism during resistance exercise in sedentary lean and obese men. J Appl Physiol 106:1529–1537

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ostrowski K, Rohde T, Asp S, Schjerling P, Pedersen BK (1999) Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine balance in strenuous exercise in humans. J Physiol 515:287–291

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ostrowski K, Schjerling P, Pedersen BK (2000) Physical activity and plasma interleukin-6 in humans—effect of intensity of exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 83:512–515

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ostrowski K, Rohde T, Asp S, Schjerling P, Pedersen BK (2001) Chemokines are elevated in plasma after strenuous exercise in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 84:244–245

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ouchi N, Oshima Y, Ohashi K, Higuchi A, Ikegami C, Izumiya Y, Walsh K (2008) Follistatin-like 1, a secreted muscle protein, promotes endothelial cell function and revascularization in ischemic tissue through a nitric-oxide synthase-dependent mechanism. J Biol Chem 283:32802–32811

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palomo T, Beninger RJ, Kostrzewa RM, Archer T (2008) Affective status in relation to impulsive, motor and motivational symptoms: personality, development and physical exercise. Neurotoxicity Res 14:151–168

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen BK (2009a) Edward F. Adolph distinguished lecture: muscle as endocrine organ: IL-6 and other myokines. J Appl Physiol 107:1006–1014

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen BK (2009b) The diseasome of physical inactivity—and the role of myokines in muscle-fat cross talk. J Physiol. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2009.179515

  • Pedersen BK, Hoffman-Goetz L (2000) Exercise and the immune system: regulation, integration, and adaptation. Physiol Rev 80:1055–1081

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen BK, Nieman DC (1998) Exercise immunology: integration and regulation. Immunol Today 19:204–206

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen BK, Steensberg A (2002) Exercise and hypoxia: effects on leukocytes and interleukin-6 shared mechanisms? Med Sci Sports Exerc 34:2004–2013

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen BK, Steensberg A, Fischer C, Keller C, Ostrowski K, Schjerling P (2001) Exercise and cytokines with particular focus on muscle-derived IL-6. Exerc Immunol Rev 7:18–31

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen BK, Steensberg A, Fischer C, Keller C, Keller P, Plomgaard P, Febbraio M, Saltin B (2003) Searching for the exercise factor: is IL-6 a candidate? J Muscle Res Cell Motil 24:113–119

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen BK, Pedersen M, Krabbe KS, Bruunsgaard H, Mathews VB, Febbraio MA (2009) Role of exercise-induced brain-derived neurotrophic factor production in the regulation of energy homeostasis in mammals: experimental physiology-hot topic review. Exp Physiol 94:1153–1160

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Petersen AMW, Pedersen BK (2005) The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise. J Appl Physiol 98:1154–1162

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pold R, Jensen LS, Jessen N, Buhl ES, Schmitz O, Flyvbjerg A, Fujii N, Goodyear LJ, Gotfredsen CF, Brand CL, Lund S (2005) Long-term AICAR administration and exercise prevents diabetes in ZDF rats. Diabetes 54:928–934

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Post RM (2010) Mechanisms of illness progression in the recurrent affective disorders. Neurotoxicity Res 18(3–4):256–271

    Google Scholar 

  • Pukkala E, Poskiparta M, Apter D, Vihko V (1993) Life-long physical activity and cancer risk among Finnish female teachers. Eur J Cancer Prev 2:369–376

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen P, Brassard P, Adser H, Pedersen MV, Leick L, Hart E, Secher NH, Pedersen BK, Pilegaard H (2009) Evidence for a release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor from the brain during exercise. Exp Physiol 94:1062–1069

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rees DI, Sabia JJ (2010) Exercise and adolescent mental health: new evidence from longitudinal data. J Ment Health Policy Econ 13:13–25

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robson-Ansley P, Barwood M, Canavan J, Hack S, Eglin C, Davey S, Hewitt J, Hull J, Ansley L (2009) The effect of repeated endurance exercise on IL-6 and sIL-6R and their relationship with sensations of fatigue at rest. Cytokine 45:111–116

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ross R, Dagnone D, Jones PJ, Smith H, Paddags A, Hudson R, Janssen I (2000) Reduction in obesity and related comorbid conditions after diet-induced weight loss or exercise-induced weight loss in men: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 133:92–103

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rothon C, Edwards P, Bhui K, Viner RM, Taylor S, Stansfeld SA (2010) Physical activity and depressive symptoms in adolescents: a prospective study. BMC Med 8:32

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rozanski A, Blumenthal JA, Davidson KW, Saab PG, Kubzansky L (2005) The epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management of psychosocial risk factors in cardiac practice: the emerging field of behavioral cardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol 45:637–651

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sakuma K, Watanabe K, Sano M, Uramoto I, Totsuka T (2000) Differential adaptation of growth factor and differentiation factor 8/myostatin, fibroblast growth factor 6 and leukemia inhibitory factor in overloaded, regenerating and denervated rat muscles. Biochim Biophys Acta 1497:77–88

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schedlowski M, hosch W, Oberbeck R, Benschop RJ, Jacobs R, Raab HR, Schmidt RE (1996) Catecholamines modulate human NK cell circulation and function via spleen-independent beta 2-adrenergic mechanisms. J Immunol 156:93–99

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scheele C, Nielsen S, Pedersen BK (2009) ROS and myokines promote muscle adaptation to exercise. Trends Endocrinol Metab 20:95–99

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scheuer J, Tipton CM (1977) Cardiovascular adaptations to physical training. Annu Rev Physiol 39:221–251

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmitz KH, Holtzman J, Courneya KS, Masse LC, Duval S, Kane R (2005) Controlled physical activity in cancer survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 14:1588–1595

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shamley DR et al (2007) Changes in shoulder muscle size and activity following treatment for breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 106:19–27

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shepard RJ, Gannon G, Hay JB, Shek PN (2000) Adhesion molecule expression in acute and chronic exercise. Crit Rev Immunol 20:245–266

    Google Scholar 

  • Shore S, Shepard RJ (1999) Immune responses to exercise in children treated for cancer. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 39:240–243

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sieverdes JC, Sui X, Lee DC, Church TS, McClain A, Hand GA, Blair SN (2010) Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness and the incidence of type 2 diabetes in a prospective study of men. Br J Sports Med 44:238–244

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson RJ, Cosgrove C, Ingram LA, Florida-James GD, Whyte GP, Pircher H, Guy K (2008) Senescent T-lymphocytes are mobilized into the peripheral blood compartment in young and older humans after exhaustive exercise. Brain Behav Immun 22:544–551

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slavich GM, O’Donovan A, Epel ES, Kemeny ME (2010) Black sheep get the blues: a psychobiological model of social rejection and depression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 35:39–45

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith RS (1991) The macrophage theory of depression. Med Hypotheses 35:298–306

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sommarshof A, Aichinger H, Engler H, Adenauer H, Catani C, Boneberg E-M, Elbert T, Groettrup M, Kolassa I-T (2009) Substantial reduction of naive and regulatory T cells following traumatic stress. Brain Behav Immun 23:1117–1124

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spangenburg EE, Booth FW (2006) Leukemia inhibitory factor restores the hypertropic response to increased loading in the LIF (−/−) mouse. Cytosine 34:125–130

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sprod LK, Hsieh CC, Hayward R, Schneider CM (2010) Three versus six months of exercise training breast cancer survivors. Breast Cancer Res Treat. doi:10.1007/s10549-010-0913-0

  • Stampfer MJ, Hu FB, Manson JE, Rimm EB, Willett WC (2000) Primary prevention of coronary heart disease in women through diet and lifestyle. N Engl J Med 343(1):16–22

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Starkie R, Ostrowski SR, Jauffred S, Febbraio M, Pedersen BK (2003) Exercise and IL-6 infusion inhibit endotoxin-induced TNF-alpha production in humans. FASEB J 17:884–886

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steptoe A, Willemsen G, Owen N, Flower L, Mohamed-Ali V (2001) Acute mental stress elicits delayed increases in circulating cytokine levels. Clin Sci 101:185–192

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stevinson C, Lawlor DA, Fox KR (2004) Exercise interventions for cancer patients: systematic review of controlled trials. Cancer Causes Control 15:1035–1056

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stojanovich L (2010) Stress and autoimmunity. Autoimmunity Rev 9:A271–A276

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stojanovich L, Marisavljevich D (2008) Stress as a trigger of autoimmune disease. Autoimmun Rev 7:209–213

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stranahan AM, Lee K, Martin B, Maudsley S, Golden E, Cutler RG, Mattson MP (2009) Voluntary exercise and caloric restriction enhance hippocampal dendritic spine density and BDNF levels in diabetic mice. Hippocampus 19:951–961

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suarez EC (2003) The joint effect of hostility and depressive symptoms on plasma interleukin-6 in apparently healthy men. Psychosom Med 65:523–527

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suarez EC, Lewis JG, Kuhn CM (2002) The relation of aggression, hostility, and anger to liposaccharide-stimulated tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α by bloof monocytes of normal men. Brain Behav Immun 16:675–684

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suarez EC, Boyle SH, Lewis JG, Hall RP, Young KH (2006) Increases in stimulated secretion of proinflammatory cytokines by blood monocytes following arousal of ngative affect: the role of insulin resistance as moderator. Brain Behav Immun 20:331–338

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takala TO, Nuutila P, Knuuti J, Luotolahti M, Yki-Jarvinen H (1999) Insulin action on heart and skeletal muscle glucose in weight lifters and endurance athletes. Am J Physiol 276:E706–E711

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tansey MG, Goldberg MS (2010) Neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s disease: its role in neuronal death and implications for therapeutic intervention. Neurobiol Dis 37:510–518

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas AJ, Davis S, Morris C, Jackson E, Harrison R, O’Brien JT (2005) Increase in interleukin-1beta in late-life depression. Am J Psychiatr 162:175–177

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson HJ, Voss JG (2009) Health-and disease-related biomarkers in aging research. Res Gerontol Nurs 2:137–148

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tiainen K, Hurme M, Hervonen A, Luukkaala T, Jylhä M (2010) Inflammatory markers and physical performance among nonagenarians. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. doi:10.1093/Gerona/glq056

  • Timmons BW, Ciesak T (2008) Human natural killer cell subsets and acute exercise: a brief review. Exerc Immunol Rev 14:8–23

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tuomilehto J, Lindström J, Eriksson JG, Valle TT, Hämäläinen H, Ilanne-Parikka P, Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi S, Laakso M, Louheranta A, Rastas M, Salminen V, Uusitupa M, Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study Group (2001) Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med 344:1343–1350

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turner-Gomes SO, Lands LC, Halton J, Hanning RM, Heigenhauser GJ, Pai M et al (1996) Cardiorespiratory status after treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Med Pediatr Oncol 26:160–165

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ueshima K, Ishikawa-Takata K, Yorifuji T, Suzuki E, Kashima S, Takao S, Sugiyama M, Ohta T, Doi H (2010) Physical activity and mortality risk in the Japanese elderly: a cohort study. Am J Prev Med 38:410–418

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Gool J, van Vugt H, Helle M, Aarden LA (1990) The relation among stress, adrenalin, interleukin 6 and acute phase proteins in the rat. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 57:200–210

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Parijs L, Abbas AK (1998) Homeostasis and self-tolerance in the immune system: turning lymphocytes off. Science 280:243–248

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Praag HM (2002) Crossroads of corticotropin releasing hormone, corticosteroids and monoamines. About a biological interface between stress and depression. Neurotox Res 4:531–555

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • van Praag HM (2004a) Stress and suicide are we well-equipped to study this issue? Crisis 25:80–85

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Praag HM (2004b) The debit balance of present day stress research. World J Biol Psychiatry 5:155–160

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Praag HM (2005) Can stress cause depression? World J Biol Psychiatry 6(Suppl 2):5–22

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Praag H (2008) Neurogenesis and exercise: past and future directions. Neuromolecular Med 10:128–140

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • van Praag H (2009) Exercise and the brain: something to chew on. Trends Neurosci 32:283–290

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • van Praag H, Christie BR, Sejnowski TJ, Gage FH (1999) Running enhances neurogenesis, learning, and long-term potentiation in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:13427–13431

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verma VK, Singh V, Singh MP, Singh SM (2010) Treadmill exercise-dependent tumor growth retardation in T-cell lymphoma-bearing host displays gender dimorphism. Oncol Res 18:293–304

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Viña J, Gomez-Cabrera MC, Borras C, Froio T, Sanchis-Gomar F, Martinez-Bello VE, Pallardo FV (2009) Mitochondrial biogenesis in exercise and in ageing. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 61:1369–1374

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waryasz GR, McDermott AY (2010) Exercise prescription and the patient with type 2 diabetes: a clinical approach to optimizing patient outcomes. J Am Assoc Nurs Pract 22:217–227

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waugh DJ, Wilson D (2008) The interleukin-8 pathway in cancer. Clin Cancer Res 14:6735–6741

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilder LR (2002) Neuroimmunoendocrinology of the rheumatic diseases past, present, and future. Ann NY Acad Sci 966:13–19

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winters-Stone KM, Schwartz A, Nail LM (2010) A review of exercise interventions to improve bone health in adult cancer survivors. J Cancer Surviv. doi:10.1007/s11764-010-0122-1

  • Wolin KY, Ruiz JR, Tuchman H, Lucia A (2010) Exercise in adult and pediatric hematological cancer survivors: an intervention review. Leukemia. doi:10.1038/leu.2010.54

  • Yamashita A, Soga Y, Iwamoto Y, Yoshizawa S, Iwata H, Kokeguchi S, Takashita S, Nishimura F (2007) Macrophage-adipocyte interaction: marked interleukin-6 production by lipopolysaccharide. Obesity 15:2549–2552

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yancik R, Ries LA (2000) Aging and cancer in America. Demographic and epidemiologic perspectives. Hematol Oncol North Am 14:17–23

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yohannes AM, Doherty P, Bundy C, Yalfani A (2010) The long-term benefits of cardiac rehabilitation on depression, anxiety, physical activity and quality of life. J Clin Nurs 19:2806–2813

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yu F, Bil K (2010) Correlating heart rate and perceived exertion during aerobic exercise in Alzheimer’s disease. Nurs Health Sci 12:375–380

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Box 500, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden

    Trevor Archer & Erica Schϋtz

  2. Department of Neuroscience Psychiatry, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden

    Anders Fredriksson

  3. Department of Pharmacology, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA

    Richard M. Kostrzewa

Authors
  1. Trevor Archer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Anders Fredriksson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Erica Schϋtz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Richard M. Kostrzewa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Trevor Archer.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Archer, T., Fredriksson, A., Schϋtz, E. et al. Influence of Physical Exercise on Neuroimmunological Functioning and Health: Aging and Stress. Neurotox Res 20, 69–83 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12640-010-9224-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12640-010-9224-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation