Abstract
Hydatid cyst (HC) disease is endemic in many Mediterranean countries. The most polluted areas of Iran include the Alborz and Zagros Mountain ranges, where animal husbandry is common. This study investigated the epidemiological dimensions of HC in patients admitted to hospitals in Khuzestan province from 2011 to 2021. Of all 183 patients identified, 113 (61.7%) were female with the mean age of 37.7 ± 17, men with the mean age of 36.7 ± 19. Also, we found that housewives made up 49.2% of our HC patients. 65% of the patients in this study lived in urban areas, and 42% had a history of contact with dogs. The liver was reported to be the most HC-affected organ. The most clinical symptoms were abdominal pain and hepatomegaly. 59% of the patients had only one cyst. This study found that surgery and radiology were the most common treatment and diagnostic methods. There were significant relationships between: gender and occupation (p < 0.001); location with dog contact, duration of dog contact (p < 0.001); ways of washing raw vegetables (p < 0.01), and type of treatment (p < 0.05); occupation and dog contact (p < 0.001); with the involvement of the liver being greater in patients who used only water to wash vegetables (p < 0.01). The key to successful disease management is early diagnosis. How to intervene and treat HC necessitates the identification of the stages of the cyst, which is dependent on imaging techniques. The prevalence of human hydatidosis has been overlooked as the most important disease that health policymakers should consider. Furthermore, training programs are required to better understand the disease's symptoms and identify sources of infection.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Data will be made available on request.
References
Ahmadi NA, Badi F (2011) Human hydatidosis in Tehran, Iran: a retrospective epidemiological study of surgical cases between 1999 and 2009 at two university medical centers. Trop Biomed 28(2):450–456
Akbulut S (2018) Parietal complication of the hydatid disease: comprehensive literature review. Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000010671
Alghoury A, El-Hamshary E, Azazy A, Hussein E, Rayan HZ (2010) Hydatid disease in Yemeni patients attending public and private hospitals in Sana’a City, Yemen. Oman Med J 25(2):88–90. https://doi.org/10.5001/omj.2010.26
Aliabadi ZA, Berenji F, Abdolmajid F, Jarahi L (2015) Human hydatidosis/echinococosis in north eastern Iran from 2003–2012. Iran J Parasitol 10(4):658
Aslanabadi S, Zarrintan S, Abdoli-Oskouei S et al (2013) Hydatid cyst in children: a 10-year experience from Iran. Afr J Paediatr Surg AJPS 10(2):140–144. https://doi.org/10.4103/0189-6725.115040
Botezatu C, Mastalier B, Patrascu T (2018) Hepatic hydatid cyst–diagnose and treatment algorithm. J Med Life 11(3):203–209. https://doi.org/10.25122/jml-2018-0045
Brunetti E, Kern P, Vuitton DA (2010) Expert consensus for the diagnosis and treatment of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in humans. Acta Trop 114(1):1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.11.001
Chalechale A, Hashemnia M, Rezaei F, Sayadpour M (2016) Echinococcus granulosus in humans associated with disease incidence in domestic animals in Kermanshah, west of Iran. J Parasit Dis Off Organ Indian Soc Parasitol 40(4):1322–1329. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-015-0681-1
Conchedda M, Antonelli A, Caddori A, Gabriele F (2010) A retrospective analysis of human cystic echinococcosis in Sardinia (Italy), an endemic Mediterranean region, from 2001 to 2005. Parasitol Int 59(3):454–459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parint.2010.06.008
Eckert J, Deplazes P (2004) Biological, epidemiological, and clinical aspects of echinococcosis, a zoonosis of increasing concern. Clin Microbiol Rev 17(1):107–135. https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.17.1.107-135.2004
Eftekhari F (2005) Clinical and demographic features of patients with Hydatid cyst admitted in Kerman University hospitals between 1991–2000. J Kerman Univ Med Sci 12(4):252–257
Fahimzad A, Karimi A, Tabatabaei SR et al (2015) Overview of hydatid disease in Iranian children. Arch Pediatr Infect Dis 3(3)
Farazi A, Zarinfar N, Kayhani F, Khazaie F (2019) Hydatid disease in the central region of Iran: a 5-year epidemiological and clinical overview. Cent Asian J Glob Health 8(1):364. https://doi.org/10.5195/cajgh.2019.364
Gessese AT (2020) Review on epidemiology and public health significance of hydatidosis. Vet Med Int 2020:8859116. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8859116
Ghabouli Mehrabani N, Kousha A, Khalili M et al (2014) Hydatid cyst surgeries in patients referred to hospitals in East Azerbaijan province during 2009–2011. Iran J Parasitol 9(2):233–238
Ghaffari S (1999) Study of operated hydatid cysts cases in three medical centers of Babol Medical University during 1991–96. J Babol Univ Med Sci 1(1):27–33
Gholami S, Tanzifi A, Sharif M et al (2018) Demographic aspects of human hydatidosis in Iranian general population based on serology: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Vet World 11(10):1385–1396. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2018.1385-1396
Gong Q-L, Ge G-Y, Wang Q et al (2021) Meta-analysis of the prevalence of Echinococcus in dogs in China from 2010 to 2019. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 15(4):e0009268. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009268
Güreser A, Karasartova D, Taylan Ozkan A (2019) Basic problems in serological diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis. Eur J Ther. https://doi.org/10.5152/EurJTher.2019.18076
Iran SCo (2021) Statistical Center of Iran [updated 01/2022. Available from: https://www.amar.org.ir. In: Statistical Center of Iran.
Jordanova DP, Harizanov RN, Kaftandjiev IT, Rainova IG, Kantardjiev TV (2015) Cystic echinococcosis in Bulgaria 1996–2013, with emphasis on childhood infections. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis Off Publ Eur Soc Clin Microbiol 34(7):1423–1428. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-015-2368-z
Kamali M, Yousefi F, Mohammadi MJ et al (2018) Hydatid cyst epidemiology in Khuzestan, Iran: a 15-year evaluation. Arch Clin Infect Dis 13(1):e13765. https://doi.org/10.5812/archcid.13765
Kjossev KT, Losanoff JE (2005) Classification of hydatid liver cysts. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 20(3):352–359. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1746.2005.03742.x
Latatu-Córdoba M, Ruiz-Blanco S, Sanchez M et al (2019) Hydatid cyst of the colon: a systematic review of the literature. World J Clin Cases 7(13):1634–1642. https://doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v7.i13.1634
Mahmoudi S, Mamishi S, Banar M, Pourakbari B, Keshavarz H (2019) Epidemiology of echinococcosis in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis 19(1):929. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-4458-5
Mansour-Ghanaei F, Joukar F, Soati F, Javadi M (2012) Clinical features of hydatid disease in Guilan (the north province of Iran): a ten-year study. Arch Clin Infect Dis 7(4):119–123. https://doi.org/10.5812/archcid.15089
Michail OP, Georgiou C, Michail PO et al (2007) Disappearance of recurrent intra-abdominal extrahepatic hydatid cyst following oral albendazole administration. West Indian Med J 56(4):372–375
Mıman O, Atambay M, Aydin NE, Daldal N (2010) The clinical, serological and morphological analysis of 91 patients with cystic echinococcosis following surgery. Turkiye Parazitolojii Dergisi 34(3):179–183
Moosazadeh M, Abedi G, Mahdavi SA, Shojaee J, Charkame A, Afshari M (2017) Epidemiological and clinical aspects of patients with hydatid cyst in Iran. J Parasit Dis 41(2):356–360
Pedrosa I, Saíz A, Arrazola J, Ferreirós J, Pedrosa CS (2000) Hydatid disease: radiologic and pathologic features and complications. Radiographics 20(3):795–817. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiographics.20.3.g00ma06795
Rafiei A, Hemadi A, Maraghi S, Kaikhaei B, Craig PS (2007) Human cystic echinococcosis in nomads of south-west Islamic Republic of Iran
Rogan MT, Hai WY, Richardson R, Zeyhle E, Craig PS (2006) Hydatid cysts: Does every picture tell a story? Trends Parasitol 22(9):431–438
Saki J, Khodkar I, Hardani Pasand L, Nazari I (2019) An epidemiological study on the status of hydatid cyst in surgical patients in Golestan Hospital of Ahwaz during 2002–2011. Iran J Med Microbiol 12(6):442–446. https://doi.org/10.30699/ijmm.12.6.442
Sarkari B, Sadjjadi SM, Beheshtian MM, Aghaee M, Sedaghat F (2010) Human cystic echinococcosis in Yasuj District in Southwest of Iran: an epidemiological study of seroprevalence and surgical cases over a ten-year period. Zoonoses Public Health 57(2):146–150. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1863-2378.2008.01200.x
Shoaee S, Rezvanizadeh M, Haghighi M, Yousefi H (2016) Epidemiological, clinical and paraclinical study of hydatid cysts in three educational medical centers in 10 years. Nov Biomed 4(1):28–33. https://doi.org/10.22037/nbm.v4i1.7643
Tamarozzi F, Silva R, Fittipaldo VA, Buonfrate D, Gottstein B, Siles-Lucas M (2021) Serology for the diagnosis of human hepatic cystic echinococcosis and its relation with cyst staging: a systematic review of the literature with meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 15(4):e0009370. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009370
Thapa S, Ghosh A, Ghartimagar D, Shrestha S, Lalchan S, Talwar OP (2018) Hydatidosis of infratemporal fossa with proptosis–an unusual presentation: a case report and review of the literature. J Med Case Rep 12(1):309. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13256-018-1812-y
Vaisi-Raygani A, Mohammadi M, Jalali R, Salari N, Hosseinian-Far M (2021) Prevalence of cystic echinococcosis in slaughtered livestock in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis 21(1):429. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-06127-2
Ziaei Hezarjaribi H, Fakhar M, Rahimi Esboei B et al (2017) Serological evidence of human cystic echinococcosis and associated risk factors among general population in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran. Ann Med Surg 18:1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amsu.2017.04.012
Acknowledgements
This study was approved by the Student Research Committee of Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences (00s36).
Funding
The authors received financial assistance from Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
MHFH: Supervision, Conceptualization, Writing—review & editing, Visualization. ZS: Investigation, Methodology. TF: Investigation, Methodology, Data curation. RB: Writing—review & editing, Data curation, Visualization, Formal analysis.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Ethical approval
This study is ethically approved by the Local Ethics Committee of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences (AJUMS) (ethic code: IR.AJUMS.REC.1400.346).
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Haddad, M.H.F., Sepahvand, Z., Fadaei, T. et al. Epidemiological characteristics of human cystic echinococcosis in Khuzestan province (Iran), 2011–2021: a retrospective analytical study. J Parasit Dis 47, 718–726 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-023-01619-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-023-01619-1