Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Interactions between gastrointestinal parasitism and pneumonia in Nigerian goats

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Journal of Parasitic Diseases Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study was carried out to determine the burden and interactions between parasitism and pneumonia in Nigerian goats. A total of 430 goats were examined for gastrointestinal (GIT) parasites by faecal analysis using sedimentation by gravity, Modified Winconsin sugar floatation method, McMaster egg counting techniques and for lung consolidation, pathology and morphometry of pneumonia were evaluated by standard techniques. The results from the faecal examination revealed the presence of nine (9) gastrointestinal parasites namely Eimeria, Trichuris, Oesophagostomum, Strongyloides, Moniezia, Haemonchus, Bunostomum, Trichostrongylus, and Nematodirus species and at an overall high prevalence of 74%. Eimeria species was found to have the highest prevalence of 26% for single infection, while co-infection of Eimeria and Trichuris species 21% was highest amongst other parasites, and of the breeds of goats examined for GIT parasites, the Red Sokoto (RS) breed had the highest infection rate 37%. The results from the lungs analysis showed 59% prevalence with the highest consolidation in RS (48.2%), followed by WAD (34.2%). The age of the goats was key in the infection rate of both parasites and pneumonia, which was seen to be highest in younger goats, with a significant (2.10 ± 0.4 × 103) GI parasite burden in >1–2 years group. The prevalence of GIT infection with lung consolidation in the goats, was observed to influence their Body condition scores (BCS) (p < 0.05). This study showed that body condition score, age and breed of goats may be predisposing factors to gastrointestinal parasites and pneumonia in Nigerian goats. There was a strong correlation (+0.243, p = 0.00) of occurrence of gastrointestinal parasitism and pneumonia in this study. Possibility of combined prophylactic measures should be considered in the nearest future.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ademosun AA (1987) Appropriate management systems for West African Dwarf goats in humid tropics. In: Smith OB, Bosman HG (eds) Goat production in the humid tropics. OAU Ife, Ife

    Google Scholar 

  • Akhtar A, Arshad M, Habibullah S, Umer H, Ameer M (2012) Prevalence of fasciola hepatica in sheep and goats in district Dera Ismail Khan. Pak J Sci 64:31–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Amadi ANC, Avoaja DA, Essien EJ (2012) Epidemiology of Helminth Parasites of West African Dwarf Goat (Capra Hircus) in Umuariaga in Ikwuano L.G.A, Abia State. J Appl Sci Environ Manag 16(4):359–362

    Google Scholar 

  • Anaeto MB, Tayo GI, Chioma GO, Afolabi AA (2009) Comparative study of Albendazole and C. papaya seed on the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in goats. J Life Phys Sci 3(1):25–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Anyaebunam LC, Okafor OJ (2013) Trypanosomosis in Red Sokoto and West African Dwarf goats at Ikpa Abattoir, Enugu State, Nigeria. J Entomol Zool Stud 1(5):35–37

    Google Scholar 

  • Asare DT, Emikpe BO, Folitse RD, Burimuah V (2016) Incidence and pattern of pneumonia in goats slaughtered at the Kumasi abattoir, Ghana. Afr J Biomed Res 19(1):31–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker RL, Audho JO, Aduda EO, Thorpe W (2001) Genetic resistance to gastro-intestinal nematode parasites in Gala and small East African goats in the sub-humid tropics. Anim Sci 73:61–70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bashir AL, Chishti MZ, Fayaz A, Hidayatullah TA (2012) Survey of gastrointestinal helminth parasites of slaughtered sheep and goats in Ganderbal, Kashmir. Glob Vet 8(4):338–341

    Google Scholar 

  • Bisset SA, Morris CA, Squire DR and Hickey SM (1996) Genetics of resilience to nematode parasites in young Romney sheep)—use of weight gain under challenge to assess individual anthelmintic treatment requirements. New Zeal J Agr Res 39(3):313–323. doi:10.1080/00288233.1996.9513191

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Biu AA, Maimunatu A, Salamatu AF, Agbadu ET (2009) A faecal survey of gastrointestinal parasites of ruminants on the University of Maiduguri Research Farm. Int J Biomed Health Sci 5(4):175–179

    Google Scholar 

  • Chiejina SN (2001) The epidemiology of helminth infections of domesticated animals in the tropics with emphasis on fasciolosis and parasitic gastroenteritis. In: Chowdhury N, Tada I (eds) Perspectives on helminthology. Science Publishers Inc, Plymouth, pp 41–87

    Google Scholar 

  • Chiejina SN, Jerzy M, Behnke B, Fakae B (2015) Haemonchotolerance in West African Dwarf goats: contribution to sustainable, anthelmintics-free helminth control in traditionally managed Nigerian dwarf goats. Parasite 8:131–136

    Google Scholar 

  • Coop RL, Kyriazakia I (1999) Nutrition–parasite interaction. Vet Parasitol 84:187–204

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dagnachew S, Amamute A, Temesgen W (2011) Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal helminthiasis of Small ruminants in selected sites of North Gondar zone, Northwest Ethiopia. Ethiop Vet J 15(2):57–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Detweiler G, Gipson T, Merkel RC, Goetsch A and Sahlu T (2008) Body condition scores in goats. In: Proceedings of 23 Annual Goat Fi e ld Day, Lang s t on University, Langston Oklahoma, 127–133

  • Edosomwan EU, Shoyemi OO (2012) Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminth parasites of cattle and goats slaughtered at abattoirs in Benin City, Nigeria. Afr Sci 13:2

    Google Scholar 

  • Emikpe BO, Akpavie SO (2011) Clinicopathologic effects of peste des petit ruminant virus infection in West African dwarf goats. Small Rumin Res 95(2–3):168–173

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Emikpe BO, Akpavie SO (2012) Clinicopathological observations in experimental Peste Des Petit Ruminants virus and Mannheimia Haemolytica A:2 coinfection in goats. Niger J Physiol Sci 27:129–136

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Emikpe BO, Jarikre TA, Eyarefe OD (2013) Retrospective study of disease pattern and type of pneumonia in Nigerian small ruminants in Ibadan, Nigeria. Afr J Biomed Res 16(2):107–113

    Google Scholar 

  • Ethiopia Sheep and Goat Productivity Improvement Program ESGPIP (2009) Estimation of weight and age of sheep and goats. Tech Bull 3:23. http://www.esgpip.org/pdf/TechnicalBulletinNo.23.pdf

  • Fabusoro E, Lawal-Adebowale OA, Akinloye AK (2007) A study of rural livestock farmers’ patronage of veterinary services for health care of small farm animals in Ogun State. NJAP 34(1):132–138

    Google Scholar 

  • Fakae BB (1990) The epidemiology of helminthosis in small ruminants under the Traditional husbandry system in eastern Nigeria. Vet Res Commun 14:381–391

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • FAO (1997) Production Yearbook. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome

    Google Scholar 

  • Getachew T, Muktar Y, Mekonnen N, Tesma F (2016) Prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes and efficacy of commonly used anthelmintics in different sheep breeds in Areka Agricultural Research Center, Areka, Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development 28 (6), Article #117 Retrieved June 21, 2016, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd28/6/notestoauthors.htm

  • Githigia SM, Thamsborg SM, Maingi N, Munyua WK (2005) The epidemiology of gastrointestinal nematodes in Goats in the low potential areas of Thika District, Kenya. Bull Anim Health Prod Afr 53(1):5–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorski P, Niznikowski R, Popielarczyk D, Strzelec E, Gajewska A, Wedrychowicz H (2004) Prevalence of protozoan and helminth internal parasite infections in goat and sheep flocks in Poland. Archiv fur Tierzucht Dummerstorf 47:43–49

    Google Scholar 

  • Hassan DI, Mbap ST, Naibi SA (2013) Prevalence of worm infection in Yankasa sheep and West African dwarf goats in Lafia Town and Environs, Nigeria. J Agric Vet Sci 4(4):84–90

    Google Scholar 

  • Holmes PH (1993) Interactions between parasites and animal nutrition: the veterinary consequences. Proc Nutr Soc 52:113–120

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hunter A (1996) Animal health volume 1: General Principles. CTA/Macmillan, London

  • Idika IK, Iheagwam CN, Ezemonye CN, Nwosu CO (2012) Gastrointestinal nematodes and body condition scores of goats slaughtered in Nsukka, Nigeria. Nig Vet J 33(1):440–447

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanyari PWN (1993) The relationship between coccidial and helminth infections in sheep and goats in Kenya. Vet Parasitol 51:137–141

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kumsa B, Tolera A, Nurfeta A (2010) Comparative efficacy of seven brands of albendazole against naturally acquired gastrointestinal nematodesin sheep in Hawassa, Southern etghiopia, Turk. Turk J Vet Anim Sci 34:417–425

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumsa B, Tadesse T, Sori T, Dugum R, Hussen B (2011) Helminths of sheep and goats in Central Oromia (Ethiopia) during the dry season. J Anim Vet Adv 10(14):1845–1849

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lawal-Adebowale OA (2012) Dynamics of ruminant livestock management in the context of the Nigerian agricultural system. INTECH 4:61–80. doi:10.5772/52923

    Google Scholar 

  • Lopez A (2011) Respiratory System Pathologic basis of veterinary disease. In: Zachary JF, McGavin MD (eds) Pathologic basis of veterinary disease, 5th edn. Mosby, Missouri, p 458–538

  • Mellado M (2008) Goat reproductive management under rangeland conditions tropical and subtropical agroecosystems. Parasite 9:47–63

    Google Scholar 

  • Oluwayiose OA, Jeje O, Morenikeji OA, Emikpe BO (2014) Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites of goats fed to captive animals at the University of Ibadan Zoological gardens. Nig Vet J 34(3):836–840

    Google Scholar 

  • Omoike A (2006) Prevalence of diseases among sheep and goats in Edo state. Nigeria. J Agric Soc Res 6(2):23–31. doi:10.4314/jasr.v6i2.47013

    Google Scholar 

  • Onyenwe IW, Onwe CO, Amechi O, Joseph I (2005) Abattoir-based study of the susceptibility of two naturally. Infected breeds of goat to Haemonchus contortus in Nsukka Area of Enugu State, Nigeria. Anim Res Int 2(2):342–345

    Google Scholar 

  • Ostanello F, Dottori M, Gusmara C, Leotti G, Sala V (2007) Pneumonia disease assessment using a slaughterhouse lung-scoring method. J Vet Med 54:70–75

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Over HJ, Jansen J, Vanolm PW (1996) Distribution and impact of helminth diseases in livestock in developing countries. Anim Prod Health 96:27

    Google Scholar 

  • Raza MA, Iqbal Z, Jabbar A, Yaseen M (2007) Point prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthiasis in ruminants in southern Punjab, Pakistan. J Helminthol 81:323–328

    Google Scholar 

  • Regassa F, Teshale S, Reta D, Yosef K (2006) Epidemiology of gastrointestinal parasites of ruminants in Western Oromia, Ethiopia. Int J Appl Res Vet M 4(1):51–57

    Google Scholar 

  • Shirale SY, Maske DK, Kolte SW (2001) Bionomics of gastrointestinal helminthes in goats at Nagpur. In: 11th National Congress of Veterinary Parasitology, Tirupati, 25–27 August, p 76

  • Sissay MM (2007) Helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia: Epidemiology, and anthelmintic resistance and its management. Doctoral thesis, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden. ISSN 1652–6880, ISBN 978-91-576-7351-0

  • Smyth JD (1996) Animal parasitology, low price edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 212–273

    Google Scholar 

  • Stehman S and Smith MC Rev (2004) Goat parasites: Management and control. Cornell University, Department of Animal Science, Ithaca, NY. http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/goats/Resources/GoatArticles/GoatHealth/GoatParasites/Parasites-SM.pdf

  • Solomon-Wisdom GO, Matur BM, Ibe KC (2014) Prevalence of intestinal helminth infection among sheep and goats raised for Slaughtering in Gwagwalada Abattoir, Abuja- Nigeria. J Glob Pharm Sci 02(1):12–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Soulsby EJW (1982) Helminths, arthropods and protozoa of domesticated animals, 7th edn. Lea and Febiger, Bailliere Tindall, Philadelphia, London, pp 212–258

    Google Scholar 

  • Soulsby EJL (2006) Helminths, arthropods and protozoa of domesticated animals. Baillier Tindall, UK, p 720

    Google Scholar 

  • Tasawar Z, Ahmad S, Lashari MH and Hayat CS (2010) Prevalence of Haemonchus contortus in sheep at Research Centre for Conservation of Sahiwal Cattle (RCCSC) Jehangirabad, District Khanewal, Punjab, Pakistan. Pak J Zool 42:735–739

    Google Scholar 

  • Urguhart GM, Amour J (1997) Veterinary Parasitology. The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 2nd edn. University of Glasgow, Blackwell Science, Scotland

  • Urquhart GM, Aremour J, Dunchan JL, Dunn AM, Jeninis FW (1996) Veterinary Parasitology. 2nd edn. University of Glasgow, Blackwell Sciences, Scotland, pp 137

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang CR, Gao JF, Chang QC, Zou FC, Zhao Q, Zhu XQ (2006) Sequence variability in four mitochondrial genes among Bunostomum trigonocephalum isolates from four provinces in China. Gastrointestinal nematode infections in goats relative to season, host, sex and age from the Kashmir valley, India. J Helminthol 84(1):93–97

    Google Scholar 

  • Zahid IA, Latif M, Baloch KB (2005) Incidence and Treatment of Theileriasis and Babesiasis. Pak Vet J 25:137–139

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Thanks to Nwagbara A. for his technical input during the histological preparation of the tissues and Oluwayiose, O. A for his opinion during analysis of data.

Author’s contribution

MOA and EBO conceptualised the project. AMT and JTA took samples and carried out laboratory analysis, and drafted the manuscript. EBO and MOA interpreted findings, and edited manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Parasitology Unit, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

    Mosunmola T. Adeyemi & Olajumoke A. Morenikeji

  2. Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

    Benjamin O. Emikpe & Theophilus A. Jarikre

Authors
  1. Mosunmola T. Adeyemi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Olajumoke A. Morenikeji
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Benjamin O. Emikpe
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Theophilus A. Jarikre
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Benjamin O. Emikpe.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

All the authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

All applicable international, national, and/or institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Adeyemi, M.T., Morenikeji, O.A., Emikpe, B.O. et al. Interactions between gastrointestinal parasitism and pneumonia in Nigerian goats. J Parasit Dis 41, 726–733 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-017-0878-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-017-0878-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation