Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Parasites and immunotherapy: with or against?

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Journal of Parasitic Diseases Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Immunotherapy is a sort of therapy in which antibody or antigen administrates to the patient in order to treat or reduce the severity of complications of disease. This kind of treatment practiced in a wide variety of diseases including infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders, cancers and allergy. Successful and unsuccessful immunotherapeutic strategies have been practiced in variety of parasitic infections. On the other hand parasites or parasite antigens have also been considered for immunotherapy against other diseases such as cancer, asthma and multiple sclerosis. In this paper immunotherapy against common parasitic infections, and also immunotherapy of cancer, asthma and multiple sclerosis with parasites or parasite antigens have been reviewed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Subscribe and save

Springer+
from $39.99 /Month
  • Starting from 10 chapters or articles per month
  • Access and download chapters and articles from more than 300k books and 2,500 journals
  • Cancel anytime
View plans

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adorini L, Sinigaglia F (1997) Pathogenesis and immunotherapy of autoimmune diseases. Immunol Today 18:209–211. doi:10.1016/S0167-5699(97)01031-1

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aranzamendi C, de Bruin A, Kuiper R, Boog CJ, van Eden W, Rutten V, Pinelli E (2013) Protection against allergic airway inflammation during the chronic and acute phases of Trichinella spiralis infection. Clini Exp Allergy 43:103–115. doi:10.1111/cea.12042

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Araujo MI, Campos RA, Cardoso LS, Oliveira SC, Carvalho EM (2010) Immunomodulation of the allergic inflammatory response: new developments. Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets 9:73–82. doi:10.2174/187152810791292836

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aref N, Shirzad H, Yousefi M, Darani HY (2012) Effect of different hydatid cyst molecules on hela and vero cell lines growth in vitro. J Immunodefic Disor 2:1. doi:10.4172/2324-853X.1000105

  • Arrowood MJ, Sterling CR, Healey MC (1991) Immunofluorescent microscopical visualization of trails left by gliding Cryptosporidium parvum sporozoites. J Parasitol 77:315–317

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Badaro R, Lobo I, Munõs A, Netto EM, Modabber F, Campos-Neto A et al (2006) Immunotherapy for drug-refractory mucosal leishmaniasis. J Infect Dis 194:1151–1159. doi:10.1086/507708

  • Barral-Netto M, da Silva JS, Barral A, Reed S (1995) Up-regulation of T helper 2 and down-regulation of T helper 1 cytokines during murine retrovirus-induced immunodeficiency syndrome enhances susceptibility of a resistant mouse strain to Leishmania amazonensis. Am J Pathol 146:635–642

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Berriel E et al (2013) Antitumor activity of human hydatid cyst fluid in a murine model of colon cancer. ScientificWorldJournal 2013:230176. doi:10.1155/2013/230176

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bjorneby JM, Hunsaker BD, Riggs MW, Perryman LE (1991) Monoclonal antibody immunotherapy in nude mice persistently infected with Cryptosporidium parvum. Infect Immun 59:1172–1176

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bonilla-Musoles F (1984) Immunotherapy in vaginal trichomoniasis–therapeutic and prophylactic effects of the vaccine SolcoTrichovac [Abstract]. Gynakol Rundsch 24(Suppl 3):63–69

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bonnin A, Dubremetz JF, Camerlynck P (1993) A new antigen of Cryptosporidium parvum micronemes possessing epitopes cross-reactive with macrogamete granules. Parasitol Res 79:8–14

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Borja-Cabrera GP et al (2004) Effective immunotherapy against canine visceral leishmaniasis with the FML-vaccine. Vaccine 22:2234–2243. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2003.11.039

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boulter-Bitzer JI, Lee H, Trevors JT (2007) Molecular targets for detection and immunotherapy in Cryptosporidium parvum. Biotechnol Adv 25:13–44. doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2006.08.003

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cabrera M, Blackwell JM, Castes M, Trujillo D, Convit J, Shaw MA (2000) Immunotherapy with live BCG plus heat killed Leishmania induces a T helper 1-like response in American cutaneous leishmaniasis patients. Parasite Immunol 22:73–79

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Camargo EP (2009) Perspectives of vaccination in Chagas disease revisited. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 104(Suppl 1):275–280

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carrero Rangel JA, Horacio Borges R, Convit García J, Avilan Rovira J, Lima HD (2011) Immunotherapy of cutaneous leishmaniasis: factors that influence their effectiveness [Abstract]. Boletín de Malariología y Salud Ambiental 51:25–33

    Google Scholar 

  • Casadevall A (1996) Antibody-based therapies for emerging infectious diseases. Emerg Infect Dis 2:200–208. doi:10.3201/eid0203.960306

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Casadevall A, Scharff MD (1994) Serum therapy revisited: animal models of infection and development of passive antibody therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 38:1695–1702

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Casadevall A, Scharff MD (1995) Return to the past: the case for antibody-based therapies in infectious diseases. Clin Infect Diseases 21:150–161

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cevallos AM, Zhang X, Waldor MK, Jaison S, Zhou X, Tzipori S et al (2000) Molecular cloning and expression of a gene encoding Cryptosporidium parvum glycoproteins gp40 and gp15. Infect Immun 68:4108–4116

  • Chamond N, Coatnoan N, Minoprio P (2002) Immunotherapy of Trypanosoma cruzi infections. Curr Drug Targets Immune Endocr Metabol Disord 2:247–254

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cheever AW et al (1994) Anti-IL-4 treatment of Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice inhibits development of T cells and non-B, non-T cells expressing Th2 cytokines while decreasing egg-induced hepatic fibrosis [Abstract]. J Immunol 153:753–759

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen L et al (2011) Antitumor effect of malaria parasite infection in a murine Lewis lung cancer model through induction of innate and adaptive immunity. PLoS ONE 6:e24407. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024407

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chiaramonte MG, Donaldson DD, Cheever AW, Wynn TA (1999) An IL-13 inhibitor blocks the development of hepatic fibrosis during a T-helper type 2-dominated inflammatory response. J Clin Investig 104:777–785. doi:10.1172/jci7325

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Convit J, Rondon A, Ulrich M, Bloom B, Castellanos P, Pinardi M, Castes M, Garcia L et al (1987) Immunotherapy versus chemotherapy in localised cutaneous leishmaniasis. Lancet 1:401–405. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(87)90116-4

  • Convit J, Castellanos  PL, Ulrich M, Castes M, Rondon A, Pinardi ME et al (1989) Immunotherapy of localized, intermediate, and diffuse forms of American cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Infect Dis 160:104–115. doi:10.1093/infdis/160.1.104

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Convit J, Ulrich M, Zerpa O, Borges R, Aranzazu N, Valera M et al (2003) Immunotherapy of american cutaneous leishmaniasis in Venezuela during the period 1990-99. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 97:469–472

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper PJ (2004) Intestinal worms and human allergy. Parasite Immunol 26:455–467. doi:10.1111/j.0141-9838.2004.00728.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Correale J (1950) Farez MF (2013) Parasite infections in multiple sclerosis modulate immune responses through a retinoic acid-dependent pathway. J Immunol 191:3827–3837. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1301110

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Correale J (2014) Helminth/Parasite treatment of multiple sclerosis. Curr Treat Options Neurology 16:296. doi:10.1007/s11940-014-0296-3

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crabb JH (1998) Antibody-based immunotherapy of cryptosporidiosis. Adv Parasitol 40:121–149

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Darani HY, Yousefi M (2012) Parasites and cancers: parasite antigens as possible targets for cancer immunotherapy. Future Oncol 8:1529–1535. doi:10.2217/fon.12.155

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Darani HY, Shirzad H, Mansoori F, Zabardast N, Mahmoodzadeh M (2009) Effects of Toxoplasma gondii and Toxocara canis antigens on WEHI-164 fibrosarcoma growth in a mouse model. Korean J Parasitol 47:175–177. doi:10.3347/kjp.2009.47.2.175

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • de Souza W, de Carvalho TM, Barrias ES (2010) Review on Trypanosoma cruzi: host Cell Interaction. International J Cell Biol. doi:10.1155/2010/295394

    Google Scholar 

  • de Vries JE (1998) The role of IL-13 and its receptor in allergy and inflammatory responses. J Allergy Clin Immunol 102:165–169

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duthie MS, Wleklinski-Lee M, Smith S, Nakayama T, Taniguchi M, Kahn SJ (2002) During Trypanosoma cruzi infection CD1d-restricted NK T cells limit parasitemia and augment the antibody response to a glycophosphoinositol-modified surface protein. Infect Immun 70:36–48

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Falcone FH, Pritchard DI (2005) Parasite role reversal: worms on trial. Trends Parasitol 21:157–160. doi:10.1016/j.pt.2005.02.002

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Falcone FH, Loukas A, Quinnell RJ, Pritchard DI (2004) The innate allergenicity of helminth parasites. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 26:61–72. doi:10.1385/criai:26:1:61

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fayer R (2009) General Biology. In: Fayer R, Xiao L (eds) Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis, 2nd edn. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, New York, pp 1–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Fayer R, Ellis W (1993) Paromomycin is effective as prophylaxis for cryptosporidiosis in dairy calves [Abstract]. J Parasitol 79:771–774

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fayer R, Guidry A, Blagburn BL (1990) Immunotherapeutic efficacy of bovine colostral immunoglobulins from a hyperimmunized cow against cryptosporidiosis in neonatal mice. Infect Immun 58:2962–2965

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fayer R, Morgan U, Upton SJ (2000) Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium: transmission, detection and identification. Int J Parasitol 30:1305–1322

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Figueiredo CA, Cooper P, Barreto M, Alcantara-Neves NM, Barnes K (2012) Conference scene: parasites to treat immune-mediated diseases? Immunotherapy 4:573–575. doi:10.2217/imt.12.44

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fleming JO (2013) Helminth therapy and multiple sclerosis. Int J Parasitol 43:259–274. doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.10.025

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman GJ, Sharpe AH (2012) A new therapeutic strategy for malaria: targeting T cell exhaustion. Nature Immunol 13:113–115. doi:10.1038/ni.2211

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galvan-Ramirez Mde L, Troyo R, Roman S, Calvillo-Sanchez C, Bernal-Redondo R (2012) A systematic review and meta-analysis of Toxoplasma gondii infection among the Mexican population. Parasites Vectors 5:271. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-5-271

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Genaro O, de Toledo VP, da Costa CA, Hermeto MV, Afonso LC, Mayrink W (1996) Vaccine for prophylaxis and immunotherapy. Brazil Clin Dermatol 14:503–512

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gombosova A, Demes P, Valent M (1986) Immunotherapeutic effect of the lactobacillus vaccine, Solco Trichovac, in trichomoniasis is not mediated by antibodies cross reacting with Trichomonas vaginalis. Genitourin Med 62:107–110

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Grogl M, Thomason TN, Franke ED (1992) Drug resistance in leishmaniasis: its implication in systemic chemotherapy of cutaneous and mucocutaneous disease. Am J Trop Med Hyg 47:117–126

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hadighi R, Mohebali M, Boucher P, Hajjaran H, Khamesipour A, Ouellette M (2006) Unresponsiveness to Glucantime treatment in Iranian cutaneous leishmaniasis due to drug-resistant Leishmania tropica parasites. PLoS Med 3:e162. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030162

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holaday BJ, Sadick MD, Wang ZE, Reiner SL, Heinzel FP, Parslow TG (1950) Locksley RM (1991) Reconstitution of Leishmania immunity in severe combined immunodeficient mice using Th1- and Th2-like cell lines [Abstract]. J Immunol 147:1653–1658

    Google Scholar 

  • Hsueh EC, Morton DL (2003) Antigen-based immunotherapy of melanoma: canvaxin therapeutic polyvalent cancer vaccine. Semin Cancer Biol 13:401–407. doi:10.1016/j.semcancer.2003.09.003

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hyde JE (2007) Drug-resistant malaria—an insight. FEBS J 274:4688–4698. doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.05999.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jafari R, Maghsood AH, Fallah M (2013) Prevalence of Cryptosporidium Infection among livestock and humans in contact with livestock in Hamadan District, Iran, 2012. J Res Health Sci 13:86–89

    Google Scholar 

  • Jafari R, Maghsood AH, Safari M, Latifi M, Fallah M. Comparison of fecal antigen detection using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with auramine-phenol staining method for diagnosis of human cryptosporidiosis. Jundishapur J Microbiol (in press)

  • Jafari R, Sadaghian M, Safari M (2012) Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii Infection and Related Risk Factors in Tabriz City, Iran, 2008. J Res Health Sci 12:119–121

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jafari R, Fallah M, Yousofi Darani H, Yousefi HA, Mohaghegh MA, Latifi M, Sadaghian M, Maghsood AH (2014a) Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among rural inhabitants of Hamadan city, Iran, 2012. Avicenna J Clin Microbiol Infect 1:e21445

    Google Scholar 

  • Jafari R, Gharibi Z, Fallah M (2014b) The Prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection among renal transplanted patients in Hamadan city West of Iran. Avecinna J Clin Microbiol Infect 1:e19570

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins MC, Fayer R (1995) Cloning and expression of cDNA encoding an antigenic Cryptosporidium parvum protein. Mol Biochem Parasitol 71:149–152

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins MC, O’Brien C, Trout J, Guidry A, Fayer R (1999a) Hyperimmune bovine colostrum specific for recombinant Cryptosporidium parvum antigen confers partial protection against cryptosporidiosis in immunosuppressed adult mice. Vaccine 17:2453–2460

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins MC, Trout J, Murphy C, Harp JA, Higgins J, Wergin W, Fayer R (1999b) Cloning and expression of a DNA sequence encoding a 41-kilodalton Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst wall protein. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 6:912–920

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins-Holick DS, Kaul TL (2013) Schistosomiasis. Urologic Nursing 33:163–170

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kallinikova VD et al (2006) Immunization against Trypanosoma cruzi and tumor growth in mice. Med Parazitologiia i parazitarnye bolezni 4:9–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan MH, Whitfield JR, Boros DL (1950) Grusby MJ (1998) Th2 cells are required for the Schistosoma mansoni egg-induced granulomatous response. J Immunol 160:1850–1856

    Google Scholar 

  • Karkut G (1984) Effect of lactobacillus immunotherapy on genital infections in women (Solco Trichovac/Gynatren)] [Abstract]. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 44:311–314. doi:10.1055/s-2008-1036665

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim JO, Jung SS, Kim SY, Kim TY, Shin DW, Lee JH, Lee YH (2007) Inhibition of Lewis lung carcinoma growth by Toxoplasma gondii through induction of Th1 immune responses and inhibition of angiogenesis. J Korean Med Sci 22(Suppl):S38–S46

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Klaver EJ et al (2013) Trichuris suis-induced modulation of human dendritic cell function is glycan-mediated. Int J Parasitol 43:191–200. doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.10.021

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar S, Tarleton RL (2001) Antigen-specific Th1 but not Th2 cells provide protection from lethal Trypanosoma cruzi infection in mice. J Immunol 166:4596–4603. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.166.7.4596

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu MA (2003) DNA vaccines: a review. J Intern Med 253:402–410

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu MA (2011) DNA vaccines: an historical perspective and view to the future. Immunol Rev 239:62–84. doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2010.00980.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Machado-Pinto J, Pinto J, da Costa CA, Genaro O, Marques MJ, Modabber F, Mayrink W (2002) Immunochemotherapy for cutaneous leishmaniasis: a controlled trial using killed Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis vaccine plus antimonial. Int J Dermatol 41:73–78

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mayrink W, Magalhaes PA, Michalick MS, da Costa CA, Lima Ade O, Melo MN et al (1992) Immunotherapy as a treatment of American cutaneous leishmaniasis: preliminary studies in Brazil [Abstract]. Parassitologia 34:159–165

  • Mayrink W, Botelho AC, Magalhaes PA, Batista SM, Lima Ade O, Genaro O et al (2006) Immunotherapy, immunochemotherapy and chemotherapy for American cutaneous leishmaniasis treatment. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 39:14–21

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mel’nikov VG, Fierro Velasko FH, Dobrovinskaya OR (2004) Suppression of growth and metastasizing of T-cell lymphoma in mice infected with american trypanosomiasis at different stages of experimental infection. Bull Exp Biol Med 137:475–478

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miyahara K et al (1992) Antitumor activity of Toxoplasma lysate antigen against methylcholanthrene-induced tumor-bearing rats. J Vet Med Sci 54:221–228

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nesterenko MV, Woods K, Upton SJ (1999) Receptor/ligand interactions between Cryptosporidium parvum and the surface of the host cell. Biochim Biophys Acta 1454:165–173

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Noguchi T, Ritter G, Nishikawa H (2013) Antibody-based therapy in colorectal cancer. Immunotherapy 5:533–545. doi:10.2217/imt.13.35

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oikonomopoulou K, Brinc D, Kyriacou K, Diamandis EP (2013) Infection and cancer: revaluation of the hygiene hypothesis. Clin Cancer Res 19:2834–2841. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-3661

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Okwor I, Uzonna JE (2009) Immunotherapy as a strategy for treatment of leishmaniasis: a review of the literature. Immunotherapy 1:765–776. doi:10.2217/imt.09.40

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oldham RK (1988) Principles of cancer biotherapy. Am J Clin Oncol 11:684

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pavia CS (1986) Protection against experimental toxoplasmosis by adoptive immunotherapy. J Immunol 137:2985–2990

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perryman LE, Kapil SJ, Jones ML, Hunt EL (1999) Protection of calves against cryptosporidiosis with immune bovine colostrum induced by a Cryptosporidium parvum recombinant protein. Vaccine 17:2142–2149

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Petersen C, Gut J, Doyle PS, Crabb JH, Nelson RG, Leech JH (1992) Characterization of a >900,000-M(r) Cryptosporidium parvum sporozoite glycoprotein recognized by protective hyperimmune bovine colostral immunoglobulin. Infect Immun 60:5132–5138

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pidherney MS, Alizadeh H, Stewart GL, McCulley JP, Niederkorn JY (1993) In vitro and in vivo tumoricidal properties of a pathogenic/free-living amoeba. Cancer Lett 72:91–98

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pritchard DI, Brown A (2001) Is Necator americanus approaching a mutualistic symbiotic relationship with humans? Trends Parasitol 17:169–172

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rasouli S, Sadaghian M, Jafari R (2014) Prevalence of human toxoplasmosis and related risk factors using Electrochemiluminescence (ECLIA) method in West Azarbaijan Province, Iran, 2010. International J Biosci 4:124–130. doi:10.12692/ijb/4.8.124-130

    Google Scholar 

  • Riggs M (1997) Immunology. In: Fayer R (ed) Cryptosporidium and Cryptosporidiosis, 1st edn. CRCPress, Boca Raton, pp 61–129

    Google Scholar 

  • Riggs MW (2002) Recent advances in cryptosporidiosis: the immune response. Microbes Infect 4:1067–1080

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riggs MW, Cama VA, Leary HL Jr, Sterling CR (1994) Bovine antibody against Cryptosporidium parvum elicits a circumsporozoite precipitate-like reaction and has immunotherapeutic effect against persistent cryptosporidiosis in SCID mice. Infect Immun 62:1927–1939

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Riggs MW, McNeil MR, Perryman LE, Stone AL, Scherman MS, O’Connor RM (1999) Cryptosporidium parvum sporozoite pellicle antigen recognized by a neutralizing monoclonal antibody is a beta-mannosylated glycolipid. Infect Immun 67:1317–1322

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rzepecka J, Harnett W (2013) Impact of worms and their products on eosinophils and neutrophils in experimental asthma. Curr Mol Med 13:1192–1202

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Safari M, Saidijam M, Bahador A, Jafari R, Alikhani MY (2013) High Prevalence of Multidrug Resistance and Metallo-beta-lactamase (MbetaL) producing Acinetobacter Baumannii Isolated from Patients in ICU Wards, Hamadan, Iran. J Res Health Sci 13:162–167

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Safari M, Alikhani MY, Arabestani MR, Kamali Kakhki R, Jafari R (2014) Prevalence of Metallo-β-lactamases encoding genes among pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from the bedridden patients in the intensive care units. Avicenna J Clin Microb Infec 1:e19216

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Santín M, Trout JM (2009) Livestock. In: Fayer R, Xiao L (eds) Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis, 2nd edn. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, New York, pp 451–483

    Google Scholar 

  • Santos WR, Aguiar IA, de Paraguai Souza E, de Lima VM, Palatnik M, de Palatnik-Sousa CB (2003) Immunotherapy against murine experimental visceral leishmaniasis with the FML-vaccine. Vaccine 21:4668–4676

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schofield L, Vivas L, Hackett F, Gerold P, Schwarz RT, Tachado S (1993) Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to glycosylphosphatidylinositol, the dominant TNF-alpha-inducing toxin of Plasmodium falciparum: prospects for the immunotherapy of severe malaria. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 87:617–626

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwebke JR, Burgess D (2004) Trichomoniasis. Clin Microbiol Reviews 17:794–803. doi:10.1128/cmr.17.4.794-803.2004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scrivener S, Yemaneberhan H, Zebenigus M, Tilahun D, Girma S, Ali S et al (2001) Independent effects of intestinal parasite infection and domestic allergen exposure on risk of wheeze in Ethiopia: a nested case-control study. Lancet 358:1493–1499. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(01)06579-5

  • Shirzad H, Khorami S, Soozangar N, Yousefi M, Darani HY (2012) Toxoplasma gondii but Not Leishmania major or Trichomonas vaginalis decreases cell proliferation and increases cell death on fibrosarcoma cancer cells in culture medium world. J Vaccines 2:105–108

    Google Scholar 

  • Spano F, Putignani L, Naitza S, Puri C, Wright S, Crisanti A (1998) Molecular cloning and expression analysis of a Cryptosporidium parvum gene encoding a new member of the thrombospondin family. Mol Biochem Parasitol 92:147–162

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strong WB, Gut J, Nelson RG (2000) Cloning and sequence analysis of a highly polymorphic Cryptosporidium parvum gene encoding a 60 kilodalton glycoprotein and characterization of its 15- and 45-kilodalton zoite surface antigen products. Infect Immun 68:4117–4134

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tarleton RL (2001) Parasite persistence in the aetiology of Chagas disease. Int J Parasitol 31:550–554

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tarleton RL, Grusby MJ (1950) Zhang L (2000) Increased susceptibility of Stat4-deficient and enhanced resistance in Stat6-deficient mice to infection with Trypanosoma cruzi. J Immunol 165:1520–1525

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor DW (1991) Monoclonal antibodies to a pan-malarial antigen. Google Patents

  • Theodos CM, Griffiths JK, D’Onfro J, Fairfield A, Tzipori S (1998) Efficacy of nitazoxanide against Cryptosporidium parvum in cell culture and in animal models. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 42:1959–1965

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tosini F, Agnoli A, Mele R, Gomez Morales MA, Pozio E (2004) A new modular protein of Cryptosporidium parvum, with ricin B and LCCL domains, expressed in the sporozoite invasive stage. Mol Biochem Parasitol 134:137–147

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tse BW, Collins A, Oehler MK, Zippelius A, Heinzelmann-Schwarz VA (2014) Antibody-based immunotherapy for ovarian cancer: where are we at? Ann Oncol 25:322–331. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdt405

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tzipori S, Rand W, Griffiths J, Widmer G, Crabb J (1994) Evaluation of an animal model system for cryptosporidiosis: therapeutic efficacy of paromomycin and hyperimmune bovine colostrum-immunoglobulin. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1:450–463

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • van der Weiden RM, van der Meijden WI, Bogchelman DH, Polderman AM (1990) Treatment failure in trichomoniasis and persistence of the parasite after Lactobacillus immunotherapy; two case reports. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 34:171–178

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Kaer L (2004) Natural killer T cells as targets for immunotherapy of autoimmune diseases. Immunol Cell Biol 82:315–322. doi:10.1111/j.0818-9641.2004.01252.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verwaerde C, Thiam K, Delanoye A, Fernandez-Gomez R, D’Halluin J, Auriault C (1999) Systemic delivery of an adenovirus expressing EBV-derived vIL-10 in mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni or Leishmania amazonensis: controversial effects on the development of pathological parameters. Eur Cytokine Netw 10:161–170

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vineis P, Wild CP (2014) Global cancer patterns: causes and prevention. Lancet 383:549–557. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62224-2

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weiner LM, Murray JC, Shuptrine CW (2012) Antibody-based immunotherapy of cancer. Cell 148:1081–1084. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.02.034

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson MT, Singh AK, Van Kaer L (2002) Immunotherapy with ligands of natural killer T cells. Trends Mol Med 8:225–231

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wynn TA, Cheever AW, Jankovic D, Poindexter RW, Caspar P, Lewis FA, Sher A (1995) An IL-12-based vaccination method for preventing fibrosis induced by schistosome infection [Abstract]. Nature 376:594–596. doi:10.1038/376594a0

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yazdanbakhsh M, Kremsner PG, van Ree R (2002) Allergy, parasites, and the hygiene hypothesis. Science 296:490–494

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yousofi Darani H, Soozangar N, Khorami S, Taji F, Yousofi M, Shirzad H (2012) Hydatid Cyst Protoscolices Induce Cell Death in WEHI-164 fibrosarcoma cells and inhibit the proliferation of baby hamster kidney fibroblasts in vitro. J Parasitol Res 2012:1–4. doi:10.1155/2012/304183

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou P, Chen Z, Li HL, Zheng H, He S, Lin RQ, Zhu XQ (2011) Toxoplasma gondii infection in humans in China. Parasites Vectors 4:165. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-4-165

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rasool Jafari.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Yousofi Darani, H., Yousefi, M., Safari, M. et al. Parasites and immunotherapy: with or against?. J Parasit Dis 40, 217–226 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-014-0533-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-014-0533-4

Keywords

Profiles

  1. Hossein Yousofi Darani