Abstract
Researches to specify a serologic diagnostic test capable of determining the stage of toxoplasmosis, whether recent or latent, have been hampered by lack of knowing the real time of infection. Studying the precise kinetics of the differential agglutination of acetone [AC]-fixed versus that of formalin [HS]-fixed tachyzoites (differential agglutination test or AC/HS test) by sera of mice during the course of toxoplasmosis and assessment of its value in the differentiation between recent and latent infections in mice were the aims of the present work. Experimental toxoplasmosis was induced in mice, sera were collected sequentially and AC/HS test, FAST-ELISA to determine levels of IgM and IgG and microscopic examination of brain for Toxoplasma cysts were done. Both AC and HS specific patterns in the AC/HS test were noted to be dependent on the time from the onset of infection. Acute patterns of the AC/HS test were observed early in infection till before the appearance of brain cysts. Non-acute patterns were obtained late on 28th day post infection coinciding with the disappearance of IgM, persistence of IgG and presence of cysts in brains. The AC antibody was high in the recent phase of infection, and then it declined to be replaced by high sustained level of HS antibody late in infection. In conclusion, in the presence of both IgM and IgG, the appearance of either equivocal pattern or the non-acute pattern in the AC/HS test is significant in ruling out acute infection in mice.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bradford M (1976) A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principles of protein dye binding. Anal Biochem 72:254–284
Chinchilla M, Guerrero OM, Caratinella G, Reyes L (1994) Natural and induced blood dissemination of T. gondii in experimental model in white mice and hamsters. Rev Biol Trop 41:197–202
Dannemann BR, Vaughan WC, Thulliez P, Remington JS (1990) Differential agglutination test for diagnosis of recently acquired infection with Toxoplasma gondii. J Clin Microbiol 28:1928–1933
Desmonts G, Remington JS (1980) Direct agglutination test for diagnosis of toxoplasma infection: method for increasing sensitivity and specificity. J Clin Microbiol 11:562–568
Dubey JP (1977) Toxoplasma, Hammondia, Besmoitia, Sarcocystia and other tissue cyst forming coccidia of man and animals. In: Kneier JP (ed) Parasitic protozoa, vol III, 1st edn. New York Academic Press, pp 101–237
Dubey JP, Lindsay DS, Speer CA (1998) Structure of Toxoplasma gondii: tachyzoites, bradyzoites and sporozoites and biology and development of tissue cyst. Clin Microbiol Rev 11:267–299
Erlich HA, Rodgers G, Vaillancourt P, AraLljo FG, Remington JS (1983) Identification of an antigen-specific immunoglobulin M antibody associated with acute Toxoplasma infection. Infect Immun 41:683–690
Fioretti PD (2004) Problems and limitations of conventional and innovative methods for the diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis in humans and animals. Parassitologia 46(1–2):177–181
Fux B, Ferreira AM, Cassali GD, Tafuri WL, Vitor RWA (2000) Experimental toxoplasmosis in BALB/c Mice: prevention of vertical disease transmission by treatment and reproductive failure in chronic infection. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 95(1):121–126
Garcia LS (2003) Tissue protozoa, Toxoplasma gondii. In: Diagnostic medical parasitology, 5th edn. Library of Congress Cataloging, pp 150–161
Godard I, Darcy F, Deslee D, Dessaint JP, Capron A (1990) Isotypic profiles of antibody responses to Toxoplasma gondii infection in rats and mice: kinetic study and characterization of target antigens of immunoglobulin A antibodies. Infect Immun 58:2446–2451
Hancock K, Tsang VCW (1986) Development and optimization of the FAST-ELISA for detecting antibodies to Schistosoma mansoni. J Immunol Methods 92:167–176
Kaul R, Peilin C, Steven RB (2004) Detection of immunoglobulin M antibodies for Toxoplasma gondii with increased selectivity for recently acquired infections. J Clin Microbiol 12:5705–5709
Larry SR, John J Jr (2000) Apicomplexa. In: Foundation of parasitology, 6th edn. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data, pp 117–139
Liesenfeld O, Montoya JG, Kinney S et al (2001) Effect of testing for IgG avidity in the diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnant women: experience in a US reference laboratory. J Infect Dis 183:1248–1253
Montoya JG, Liesenfeld O (2004) Toxoplasmosis. Lancet 363(9425):1965–1976
Montoya JG, Remington JS (1995) Studies on the serodiagnosis of toxoplasmic lymphadenitis. Clin Infect Dis 20:781–790
Montoya JG, Remington JS (2000) Toxoplasma gondii. In: Mandell GL, Benette JS, Dolin R (eds) Principles and practice of infectious diseases. Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia, pp 2858–2889
Montoya JG, Berry A, Rosso F, Remington JS (2007) Differential agglutination test as a diagnostic test for Toxoplasma lymphadenitis. J Clin Microbiol 25:1933–1936
Nguyen TD, de Kesel M, Bigaignon G et al (1996) Detection of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites and bradyzoites in blood, urine, and brains of infected mice. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 3(6):635–639
Partanen P, Turunen HJ, Paasivuo RT, Leinikki PO (1984) Immunoblot analysis of Toxoplasma gondii antigens by human immunoglobulins G, M, and A antibodies at different stages of infection. J Clin Microbiol 20(1):133–135
Remington JS, McLeod R, Thuilliez P, Desmonts G (2006) Toxoplasmosis. In: Remington JS, Klein JO, Wilson CB, Baker C (eds) Infectious diseases of the fetus and newborn infant, 6th edn. Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia
Suzuki Y, Thulliez P, Desmonts G, Remington JS (1988) Antigen(s) responsible for immunoglobulin G responses specific for the acute stage of toxoplasma infection in humans. J Clin Microbiol 26:901–905
Suzuki Y, Orellana MA, Wong SY, Conley FK, Remington JS (1993) Susceptibility to chronic infection with Toxoplasma gondii does not correlate with susceptibility to acute infection in mice. Infect Immun 61(6):2284–2288
Suzuki LA, Rocha RJ, Rossi CL (2001) Evaluation of serological markers for the immunodiagnosis of acute acquired toxoplasmosis. J Med Microbiol 50:62–70
Thiermann E, Stagno S (1972) Demonstration of IgM-antitoxoplasma antibodies in acute and chronic acquired human toxoplasmosis. Zentralbl Bakteriol Orig A 219(2):249–263
Thulliez P, Remington JS, Santoro F, Ovlaque G, Sharma S, Desmonts G (1986) A new agglutination reaction for the diagnosis of the developmental stage of acquired toxoplasmosis. Pathol Biol 34:173–177
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ali, N.M., Habib, K.S.M. Kinetics and time dependence of the differential agglutination of acetone [AC]- and formalin [HS]-fixed Toxoplasma tachyzoites by serum of mice with experimental toxoplasmosis. J Parasit Dis 36, 112–119 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-011-0096-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-011-0096-6