Abstract
Purpose
The production of apple fruits in orchards or plants in tree nurseries is negatively affected by apple replant disease (ARD), worldwide. Our objective was to develop a method to counteract ARD without applying chemical soil disinfection. We tested if an addition of clays with high release of plant available silicon reduces ARD symptoms and a biochemical effect of silicon on the plant defence reaction occurs.
Methods
In a greenhouse experiment, apple rootstocks ‘M26’ were grown for 8 weeks in a sandy replant soil, a heat disinfected control and a grassland soil (Grass) with and without amendment by bentonite and the clay blend Florisol®TM Profi (6 and 18%). The micromorphology of silica bodies (phytoliths) in roots and the phytoalexin concentration as a measure of the defence reaction of roots were analysed. In a second approach, the gene expression of ARD biomarkers involved in phytoalexin biosynthesis was determined after two weeks.
Results
Normalised gene expression was significantly higher for the ARD soil with clay amendments compared to the ARD variant whereas phytoalexin concentrations were similar. Significantly lower phytoalexin levels were found in the heat disinfected and Grass variant, indicating less defence reaction than in the ARD variant. Clay amendment increased soluble silicon in the substrates and consequently silicon in the epidermis and vascular bundles, indicating high silicon accumulation. Plants grown in ARD and Grass with amendments showed improved growth compared to plants grown in the respective soils without amendments.
Conclusion
The amendment of soil by clays rich in plant available silicon may counteract ARD symptoms.
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Data Availability
Data and material will be made available under request. 0.5281/zenodo.10645146.
Abbreviations
- ARD:
-
Apple replant disease
- BIS3:
-
biphenyl synthase 3
- B4H:
-
biphenyl 4-hydroxylase
- EDX:
-
Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
- Grass:
-
Grassland soil
- HCl:
-
Hydrochloric acid
- MS:
-
Mass spectrometer
- µEDXRF:
-
Micro-energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence microscopy
- µCT:
-
X-ray computed microtomography
- PCR:
-
Polymerase chain reaction
- SEM:
-
Scanning electron microscope
- Si:
-
Silicon
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Acknowledgements
The work was performed within the project BonaRes-ORDIAmur funded by the German Federal Ministry of Research and Education within the frame of the program BonaRes. We would like to thank the German Federal Ministry of Research and Education for funding the research. We would like to thank Manfred K. Schenk for his advice on the implementation for the experiment, Matthias Schellhorn from Stephan Schmidt KG for providing the clay blend Florisol® TM Profi for the experiment, Nicole Pischan for her help with the graphics, and Susanne Woche for proofreading the paper.
Funding
Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL. The work was performed within the project BonaRes-ORDIAmur funded by the German Federal Ministry of Research and Education within the frame of the program BonaRes (grant no. 031B0025A and 031B0512A).
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Jessica Schimmel, Stefan Dultz, Georg Guggenberger, Jens Boy, and Traud Winkelmann designed the experiment. Material preparation and data collection were performed by Jessica Schimmel, Jiem Krüger, Annmarie-Deetja Rohr, Belnaser Busnena, Stephan Kaufhold, and Dieter Rammlmair. Data analysis was performed by Jessica Schimmel, Norman Gentsch, and Philipp Maurischat. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Jessica Schimmel and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Schimmel, J., Gentsch, N., Boy, J. et al. Alleviation of Apple Replant Disease in Sandy Soils by Clay Amendments. Silicon (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-024-03002-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-024-03002-y