Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Wear Studies on Mg-5Sn-3Zn-1Mn-xSi Alloy and Parameters Optimization Using the Integrated RSM-GRGA Method

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Silicon Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In the present work, the wear resistance and coefficient of friction (COF) of Mg-5Sn-3Zn-1Mn-xSi (0, 1, 2 wt%) alloys were investigated. An RSM-Box Behnken design was employed to conduct the experimental run. The following parameters: load, sliding velocity and Si wt% inclusion were considered to study the influence on wear rate and COF. The experiment was done on a pin and disc wear tester at room temperature without any lubricant. The worn surface was examined by a scanning electron microscope. A second order polynomial model was evolved for each response, and its adequacy was verified by ANOVA. Abrasive, delamination wear was observed on the worn surface of the samples tested at different parameter conditions. In order to identify the suitable parameters and their level to minimize the wear rate, the hybrid Grey Relation Genetic Algorithm (GRGA) was employed for the optimization process. The responses for the optimized parameters show minimized wear rate and COF.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

All the original data are available with the corresponding author.

Code Availability

Not applicable.

References

  1. Azadi M (2017) Cyclic thermo-mechanical stress, strain and continuum damage behaviors in light alloys during fatigue lifetime considering heat treatment effect. Int J Fatigue 99:303–314

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Lee DH, Kim SH, Kim HJ, Moon BG, Kim YM, Park SH (2020) Effects of extrusion speed on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg–9Al–0.8Zn–0.9Ca–0.6Y–0.5MM alloy. Met Mater Int. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-020-00867-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Dqing WD, Wang Houbin Hu, Yinglin JH, Linsen W, Kangjin F (2019) Effect of the secondary phase on mechanical and damping properties of Mg–Zn–Y–Si alloy. Met Mater Int. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-019-00477-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Jin X, Wenchen X, Shan D, Liu C, Zhang Q (2017) Deformation behavior, microstructure evolution and hot workability of Mg-3.7Gd-2.9Y-0.7Zn-0.7Zr alloy. Met Mater Int 23(3):434–443

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Ramalingam VV, Ramasamy P, Kovukkal MD, Myilsamy G (2020) Research and Development in Magnesium Alloys for Industrial and Biomedical Applications: A Review. Met Mater Int 26:409–430

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Hu H-J, Sun Z, OU Z, Wang X-Q (2017) Wear behaviors and wear mechanisms of wrought magnesium alloy AZ31 fabricated by extrusion-shear. Eng Fail Anal 72:25–33

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Lu X-p, Blawert C, Tolnai D, Subroto T, Kainer KU, Zhang T, Wang F-h, Zheludkevich ML (2018) 3D reconstruction of plasma electrolytic oxidation coatings on Mg alloy via synchrotron radiation tomography. Corros Sci 139:395–402

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Buling A, Zerrer J (2019) Increasing the application fields of magnesium by ultraceramic: corrosion and wear protection by plasma electrolytical oxidation (PEO) of Mg alloys. Surf Coat Technol 369:142–155

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Yamauchi N, Demizu K, Ueda N, Cuong NK, Sone T, Hirose Y (2005) Friction and wear of DLC films on magnesium alloy. Surf Coat Technol 193:277–282

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Daroonparvar M, Yajid MAM, Gupta RK, Yusof NM, Bakhsheshi-Rad HR, Ghandvar HR, Ghasemi E (2018) Antibacterial activities and corrosion behavior of novel PEO/nanostructured ZrO2 coating on Mg alloy. Trans Nonferrous Met Soc China 28:1571–1581

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Ajith Kumar KK, Pillai UTS, Pai BC, Chakraborty M (2013) Dry sliding wear behaviour of Mg–Si alloys. Wear 303:56–64

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Atapour M, Blawert C, Zheludkevich ML (2019) The wear characteristics of CeO2 containing nanocomposite coating made by aluminate-based PEO on AM 50 magnesium alloy. Surf Coat Technol 357:626–637

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Mao B, Zhang X, Menezes PL, Liao Y (2019) Anisotropic microstructure evolution of an AZ31B magnesium alloy subjected to dry sliding and its effects on friction and wear performance. Materialia 8:100444

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Faruk MERT (2017) Wear behaviour of hot rolled AZ31B magnesium alloy as candidate for biodegradable implant material. Trans Nonferrous Met Soc China 27:2598–2606

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Seenuvasaperumal K, Doi K, Basha DA, Singh A, Elayaperumal A, Tsuchiya K (2018) Wear behaviour of HPT processed UFG AZ31B magnesium alloy. Mater Lett 227:194–198

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Zheng C, Wu X, Zheng X, Jin H, Liu Y (2021) Mechanical properties and wear behavior of a dissolvable magnesium alloy used for multistage fracturing. Wear 466–467:203359

    Google Scholar 

  17. Stalin B, Ramesh Kumar P, Ravichandran M, Siva Kumar M, Meignanamoorthy M (2019) Optimization of wear parameters using Taguchi grey relational analysis and ANN-TLBO algorithm for silicon nitride filled AA6063 matrix composites. Mater Res Express 6(10):106590

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Krishnaiah K, Shahabudeen P (2012) Applied design of experiments and taguchi methods. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.

  19. Sivapragash M, Kumaradhas P, Stanly Jones Retnam B, Felix Joseph X, Pillai UTS (2016) Taguchi based genetic approach for optimizing the PVD process parameter for coating ZrN on AZ91D magnesium alloy. Mater Des 90(15):713–722

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Khan MM, Dey A (2021) Selection of optimal processing condition during abrasive wear of in-situ ZA-37/TiCp composites using MCDM technique. Ceram Int 47:20090–20107

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Jhansi Lakshmi KP, Sogalad I, Basavarajappa S (2020) Study on dry sliding wear behaviour of NiCrAlY/B4C/cenosphere composite coating by RSM method. Mater Today: Proc 39(1):758–763

    Google Scholar 

  22. Patnaik L, Maity SR, Kumar S (2021) Modeling of wear parameters and multi-criteria optimization by Box-Behnken design of AlCrN thin film against gamma-irradiated Ti6Al4V counter body. Ceram Int 47(14):20494–20511

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Murali B, Ramnath BMV, Rajamani D, Nasr EA, Astarita A, Mohamed H (2022) Experimental investigations on dry sliding wear behavior of Kevlar and natural fiber-reinforced hybrid composites through an RSM–GRA hybrid approach. Materials 15:749

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Srivastava M, Maheshwari S, Kundra TK, Rathee S (2016) An Integrated RSM-GA based approach for multi response optimization of FDM process parameters for pyramidal ABS primitives. J Manuf Sci Prod 16(3):1–8

    Google Scholar 

  25. Sundararaju G, Thangadurai KR, Anand Charman C, Ajith Kumar KK (2021) Influence of Si addition on the microstructure and mechanical behaviour of Mg-5Sn-3Zn-1Mn alloy. Silicon. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-021-01255-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Kazemi M, Saghafian H (2020) Application of response surface methodology in determining the optimal wear properties of the titanium carbide reinforced AISI H13 hot working tool steel fabricated by pulsed laser method. Surf Coat Technol 404:126478

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Wang D, Cai K (2017) Optimizing the static–dynamic performance of the body-in-white using a modified non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm coupled with grey relational analysis. Eng Optim. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305215X.2017.1330888

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Pandey AK, Gautam GD (2018) Grey relational analysis-based genetic algorithm optimization of electrical discharge drilling of Nimonic-90 superalloy. J Braz Soc Mech Sci Eng 40(117):1–16

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Shojaeefard MH, Khalkhali A, Firouzgan A (2016) Multi-objective optimization of a natural aspirated three-cylinder spark ignition engine using modified non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm and multicriteria decision making. J Renew Sustain Energy 8(2):025705

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Sivapragash M, Kumaradhas P, Stanly Jones Retnam B, Vettivel SC (2018) Optimization of PVD process parameter for coating AZ91D magnesium alloy by Taguchi grey approach. J Magnes Alloy 6(2):171–179

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Sahoo AK, Sahoo B (2013) Performance studies of multilayer hard surface coatings (TiN/TiCN/Al2O3/TiN) of indexable carbide inserts in hard machining: part-II (RSM, grey relational and techno economical approach). Measurement 46:2868–2884

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Srichok T, Pitakaso R, Sethanan K, Sirirak W, Kwangmuang P (2020) Combined response surface method and modified differential evolution for parameter optimization of friction stir welding. Processes 8:1080

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Balasubramanian E, Rajamani D, Arunkumar P (2018) Modeling and prediction of optimal process parameters in wear behaviour of selective inhibition sintered high density polyethylene parts. Prog Addit Manuf 3(3):109–121

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. AjithKumar KK, Pillai UTS, Pai BC, Chakraborty M (2013) Dry sliding wear behaviour of Mg–Si alloys. Wear 303:56–64

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Faruk MERT (2017) Dry sliding wear behaviour of As-Cast AZ31B magnesium alloy. Mechanika 23(5):728–734

    Google Scholar 

  36. Davoodi F, Atapour M, Blawert C, Zheludkevich M (2021) Wear and corrosion behavior of clay containing coating on AM 50 magnesium alloy produced by aluminate-based plasma electrolytic oxidation. Trans Nonferrous Met Soc China. 31:3719–3738

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Ramesh CS, Keshavamurthy R, Channabasappa BH, Pramod S (2010) Friction and wear behavior of Ni–P coated Si3N4 reinforced Al6061composites. Tribol Int 43:623–634

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Sajeeb Rahiman AH, Robinson Smart DS, Wilson B, Ebrahim I, Eldhose B, Mathew B, Murickan RT (2020) Dry sliding wear analysis OF Al5083/CNT/Ni/MoB hybrid composite using DOE Taguchi method. Wear 460–461:203471

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Bannaravuri PK, Birru AK (2018) Strengthening of mechanical and tribological properties of Al-4.5%Cu matrix alloy with the addition of bamboo leaf ash. Results in Physics 10:360–373

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Vishnuvardhan Reddy D, Sanjeeva Kumar PV (2020) Parametric optimization of wire cut EDM process on ‘AISID3 steel’ using genetic algorithm and grey relation analysis. Int J Eng Res Technol 9(2):167–171

    Google Scholar 

  41. Lei Z, Shen J, Wang Q, Chen Y (2019) Real-time weld geometry prediction based on multi-information using neural network optimized by PCA and GA during thin-plate laser welding. J Manuf Process 43:207–217

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank MatRICS – Materials Research and Innovation Centric Solutions, Vellimalai, Kanyakumari District, India, Tel: +91 91766 06699; web: www.matricstech.com for suppling magnesium alloy and provided facility to conduct wear test.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, OASYS Institute of Technology, Trichy, India

    C. B. Priya

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan University, Trichy, India

    K. Ramkumar

  3. Department of Mechanical Engineering, K. Ramakrishnan college of Engineering, Trichy, India

    V. Vijayan

  4. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, India

    A. Bovas Herbert Bejaxhin

Authors
  1. C. B. Priya
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. K. Ramkumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. V. Vijayan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. A. Bovas Herbert Bejaxhin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

C.B. Priya, K.Ramkumar, have designed the proposed work and conducted the experiment and V.Vijayan contributed to the writing of the manuscript, A.Bovas Herbert Bejaxhin analyzed and interpret the results.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to C. B. Priya.

Ethics declarations

Competing Interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Research Involving Human Participants and/ or Animals

Not Applicable.

Ethics Approval

Not applicable.

Consent to Participate

Not applicable.

Consent for Publication

Publishers can publish images and results there are no restrictions.

Competing Interests

The authors declare that they have no financial interests.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Priya, C.B., Ramkumar, K., Vijayan, V. et al. Wear Studies on Mg-5Sn-3Zn-1Mn-xSi Alloy and Parameters Optimization Using the Integrated RSM-GRGA Method. Silicon 15, 3569–3579 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-022-02243-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-022-02243-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation